Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of dimeric proteins catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione with a wide variety of compounds and provide a strong antioxidant function by neutralizing electrophiles and free radicals. The subunits of the GSTs family are placed into several classes including theta (GSTθ). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the expression of Gstt1 (a member of GSTθ) gene in the testis and liver of rat in response to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF). After exposing male Wistar rats to the stressor (ELF-EMF 50 Hz, 500 µT) for 30 days, we quantified the gene expression of the Gstt1 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in exposed and unexposed rats. Results indicated that the expression of Gstt1 in the liver and testis did not undergo any change at transcription level by environmental exposure to ELF-EMF at this duration and intensity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ansari-Lari M, Saadat M, Hadi N (2004) Influence of GSTT1 null genotype on the offspring sex ratio of gasoline filling station workers. J Epidemiol Community Health 58:393–394. doi:10.1136/jech.2003.011643
Berhane K, Widersten M, Engstrorn A, Kozarich JW, Mannervik B (1994) Detoxification of base propenals and other unsaturated aldehyde products of radical reactions and lipid peroxidation by human glutathione transferases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:1480–1484. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.4.1480
Bolt HM, Thier R (2006) Relevance of the deletion polymorphisms of the glutathione S-transferases GSTT1 and GSTM1 in pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Drug Metab 7:613–628. doi:10.2174/138920006778017786
Feychting M, Ahlbom A, Kheifets L (2005) EMF and health. Annu Rev Public Health 26:165–189. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144445
Feychting M, Pedersen NL, Svedberg P, Floderus B, Gatz M (1998) Dementia and occupational exposure to magnetic fields. Scand J Work Environ Health 24:46–53
Gonzalez CA, Sala N, Capella G (2002) Genetic susceptibility and gastric cancer risk. Int J Cancer 100:249–260. doi:10.1002/ijc.10466
Hashibe M, Bernnan P, Strange RC, Bhisey R, Cascorbi I, Lazarus P, Oude Ophuis MB, Benhamou S, Foulkes WD, Katoh T, Coutelle C, Romkes M, Gaspari L, Taioli E, Boffetta P (2003) Meta- and pooled analyses of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and CYP1A1 genotypes and risk of head and neck cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:1509–1517
Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR (2005) Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45:51–88. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857
James WH, Saadat M (2005) Offspring sex ratios of people exposed to electromagnetic fields. J Epidemiol Community Health 59:810–811
Johansen C (2004) Electromagnetic fields and health effects—epidemiologic studies of cancer, diseases of the central nervous system and arrhythmia-related heart disease. Scand J Work Environ Health 30(Suppl 1):1–30
Khalil AM, Quassem W (1991) Cytogenetic effects of pulsing electromagnetic field on human lymphocytes in vitro: chromosome aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges. Mutat Res 247:141–146. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(91) 90041-L
Lavoie L, Trernblay A, Mirault ME (1992) Distinct oxidoresistance phenotype of human T47D cells transfected by rat glutathione S-transferase Yc expression vectors. J Biol Chem 267:3632–3636
Nordenson I, Mild KH, Andersson G, Sandstrom M (1994) Chromosomal aberrations in human amniotic cells after intermittent exposure to fifty hertz magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 15:293–301. doi:10.1002/bem.2250150404
Rebbeck TR (1997) Molecular epidemiology of the human glutathione S-transferase genotypes: GSTM1 and GSTT1 in cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6:733–743
Rosenthal M, Obe G (1989) Effects of 50-Hertz electromagnetic fields on proliferation and on chromosomal alterations in human peripheral lymphocytes untreated or pre-treated with chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 210:329–335. doi:10.1016/0027-5107(89)90094-8
Saadat M (2005) Offspring sex ratio in men exposed to electromagnetic fields. J Epidemiol Community Health 59:339. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.025304
Saadat M (2006) Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and susceptibility to gastric cancer, a meta-analysis. Cancer Sci 97:505–509. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00207.x
Saadat M, Ansari-Lari M (2005) Alterations of liver function test indices of filling station workers with respect of genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1. Cancer Lett 227:163–167. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2005.03.044
Saadat M, Ansari-Lari M, Bahaoddini A (2002) Sex ratio at birth in Masjid-i-Sulaiman (Khozestan province, Iran). Occup Environ Med 59:853. doi:10.1136/oem.59.12.853
Saadat M, Bahaoddini A, Ansari-Lari M (2003) Possible effect of maternal hormones and GST genotypes on sex of offspring. Occup Environ Med 60:704. doi:10.1136/oem.60.2.146-a
Saadat M, Farvardin-Jahromi M, Saadat H (2004a) Null genotype of glutathione S-transferase M1 is associated with senile cataract susceptibility in non-smoker females. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319:1287–1291. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.121
Saadat M, Mobayen F, Farrashbandi H (2007) Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase T1: a candidate genetic modifier of individual susceptibility to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 153:87–91. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.024
Saadat M, Monzavi N (2008) Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) and alterations of sex hormones in filling station workers. Fertil Steril 89:1777–1780. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.06.024
Saadat M, Saadat I, Saboori Z, Emad A (2004b) Combination of CC16, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms is associated with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:996–998. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.02.007
Simko M, Kriehuber R, Weiss DG, Luben RA (1998) The effects of 50 Hz EMF exposure on micronucleus formation and apoptosis in transformed and non transformed human cell lines. Bioelectromagnetics 19:85–91. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:2<85::AID-BEM5>3.0.CO;2-#
Tenuzzo B, Chionna A, Panzarini E, Lanubile R, Tarantino P, Di Jeso B, Dwikat M, Dini L (2006) Biological effects of 6 mT static magnetic fields: a comparative study in different cell types. Bioelectromagnetics 27:560–577. doi:10.1002/bem.20252
Thyagaraju K, Hemavathi B, Vasundhara K, Rao AD, Devi KN (2005) Comparative study on glutathione transferases of rat brain and testis under the stress of phenobarbitol and methylcholanthrene. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 6:759–769. doi:10.1631/jzus.2005.B0759
Yokus B, Cakir DU, Akdag MZ, Sert C, Mete N (2005) Oxidative DNA damage in rats exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Free Radic Res 39:317–323. doi:10.1080/10715760500043603
Zendeh-Boodi Z, Saadat M (2008) Genetic polymorphism of GSTT1 may be under natural selection in a population chronically exposed to natural sure gas. Mol Biol Rep 35:673–676. doi:10.1007/s11033-007-9139-6
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to Dr. Maryam Ansari-Lari and Dr. Hassan Mohabatkar for their critical reading of the manuscript and for their contribution in the discussion. This study was supported by Shiraz University.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saadat, I., Sedaghat, Z., Afhami, M. et al. Effect of a 50-Hz electromagnetic field on the gene expression of glutathione S-transferase T1 (Gstt1) in the testis and liver of male rats. Comp Clin Pathol 19, 211–214 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-009-0854-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-009-0854-3