Abstract
This paper presents a surrogate- and possibility-based design optimization (SPBDO) methodology for robust design of convective PCR. Parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are built and simulated at sampled locations within the design space to capture the effect of design configurations on thermofluidic transport and convection–diffusion-reaction in the convective PCR. A support vector machine-based classifier model is trained to retain only practically relevant data for enhanced surrogate modeling accuracy. Surrogate models are constructed by Kriging interpolation and multivariate polynomial regression methods to establish the mapping between design configurations and DNA doubling time (indicative of reactor performance). Then a process to combine the sequential method of PBDO and the surrogate model is developed, and a trade study is carried out to evaluate the impact of possibility of failure (\(\alpha\)-value) and the balance between performance and design reliability. Our study demonstrates that the proposed SPBDO represents an effective method to consider robustness in PCR design for POC applications, especially when the uncertainty information or possibilistic characteristics of design variables is limited.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen JW, Kenward M, Dorfman KD (2009) Coupled flow and reaction during natural convection PCR. Microfluid Nanofluid 6(1):121–130
Bhavsar H, Panchal MH (2012) A review on support vector machine for data classification. Int J Adv Res Comput Eng Technol 1(10):185–189
Cavazzuti M (2013) Optimization methods: from theory to design. Springer, Berlin
Chen ZY, Qian SZ, Abrams WR, Malamud D, Bau HH (2004) Thermosiphon-based PCR reactor: experiment and modeling. Anal Chem 76(13):3707–3715
Chen PC, Nikitopoulos DE, Soper SA, Murphy MC (2008) Temperature distribution effects on micro-Cfpcr performance. Biomed Microdevice 10(2):141–152
Du L, Choi KK, Youn BD, Gorsich D (2006a) Possibility-based design optimization method for design problems with both statistical and fuzzy input data. J Mech Des 128(4):928–935
Du L, Choi KK, Youn BD (2006b) Inverse possibility analysis method for possibility-based design optimization. Aiaa J 44(11):2682–2690
Farrar JS, Wittwer CT (2015) Extreme PCR: efficient and specific DNA amplification in 15–60 seconds. Clin Chem 61(1):145–153
Greenshields CJ (2015) OpenFOAM Programmer’s Guide. OpenFOAM Foundation Ltd
Greenshields CJ (2017) OpenFOAM User Guide. OpenFOAM Foundation Ltd
Karman S, Wyman N (2019) Automatic unstructured mesh generation with geometry attribution. In: AIAA SciTech Forum, San Diego. AIAA, pp 1–21
Kote V (2019) Unsupervised-learning assisted artificial neural network for optimization. Old Dominion University
Krishnan M, Ugaz VM, Burns MA (2002) PCR in a Rayleigh-Benard convection cell. Science 298(5594):793
Li ZQ, Zhao Y, Zhang DW, Zhuang SL, Yamaguchi Y (2016) The development of a portable buoyancy-driven PCR system and its evaluation by capillary electrophoresis. Sens Actuators B Chem 230:779–784
Matlab (2019) Matlab 9.6.01072779 (R2019a) The MatheWorks Inc., Natick
Miao G, Zhang L, Zhang J, Ge S, Xia N, Qian S, Yu D, Qiu X (2020) Free convective PCR: from principle study to commercial applications—a critical review. Anal Chim Acta 1108(29):177–197
Muddu R, Hassan YA, Ugaz VM (2011) Rapid PCR thermocycling using microscale thermal convection. Jove J Vis Exp 49:e2366
Neufeld D (2010) Multidisciplinary aircraft conceptual design optimization considering fidelity uncertainties. Dissertation, Ryerson University
Niemz A, Ferguson TM, Boyle DS (2011) Point-of-care nucleic acid testing for infectious diseases. Trends Biotechnol 29(5):240–250
Park HU, Chung J, Behdinan K, Lee JW (2014) Multidisciplinary wing design optimiztion considering global sensitivity and uncertainty of approximatioin models. J Mech Sci Technol 28(6):2231–2242
Park HU, Chung J, Neufeld D (2016) Uncertainty based aircraft derivative design for requirement changes. Aeronaut J 120(1224):375–389
Petralia S, Conoci S (2017) PCR technologies for point of care testing: progress and perspectives. ACS Sens 2(7):876–891
Primiceri E, Chiriaco MS, Notarangelo FM, Crocamo A, Ardissino D, Cereda M, Bramanti AP, Bianchessi MA, Giannelli G, Maruccio G (2018) Key enabling technologies for point-of-care diagnostics. Sensors 18(11):3607
Qiu X, Ge S, Gao P, Li K, Yang S, Zhang S, Ye X, Xia N, Qian S (2017a) A smartphone-based point-of-care diagnosis of H1n1 with microfluidic convection PCR. Microsyst Technol Micro Nanosyst Inf Storage Process Syst 23(7):2951–2956
Qiu X, Zhang S, Xiang F, Wu D, Guo M, Ge S, Li K, Ye X, Xia N, Qian S (2017b) Instrument-free point-of-care molecular diagnosis of H1n1 based on microfluidic convective PCR. Sens Actuators B Chem 243:738–744
Qiu X, Shu JI, Baysal O, Wu J, Qian S, Ge S, Li K, Ye X, Xia N, Yu D (2019) Real-time capillary convective PCR based on horizontal thermal convection. Microfluid Nanofluid 23(3):39
Rajendran VK, Bakthavathsalam P, Bergquist PL, Sunna A (2019) Smartphone detection of antibiotic resistance using convective pcr and a lateral flow assay. Sens Actuators B Chem 298(1):126849
Savoia M (2002) Structural reliability analysis through fuzzy number approach, with application to stability. Comput Struct 80(12):1087–1102
Shu JI (2019) Computational analysis and design optimization of convective PCR devices. Old Dominion University
Shu J, Baysal O, Qian S, Qiu X, Wang F (2019a) Performance of convective polymerase chain reaction by doubling time. Int J Heat Mass Transf 133:1230–1239
Shu JI, Baysal O, Qian S, Qiu X (2019b) Computational design of a single heater convective polymerase chain reaction for point-of-care. J Med Devices 13(4):041007
Tu J, Choi KK, Park YH (1999) A new study on reliability-based design optimization. J Mech Des 121(4):557–564
Tyan M, Nguyen NV, Kim S, Lee J-W (2017) Database adaptive fuzzy membership function generation for possibility-based aircraft design optimization. J Aircr 54(1):114–124
Wei J, Yang B, Liu W (2009) Design optimization under aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. In: 2009 8th IEEE international conference on dependable, autonomic and secure computing, Chengdu. IEEE
Yang H, Hong SH, ZhG R, Wang Y (2010) Surrogate-based optimization with adaptive sampling for microfluidic concentration gradient generator design. RSC Adv 10(23):13799
Yariv E, Ben-Dov G, Dorfman KD (2005) Polymerase chain reaction in natural convection systems: a convection–diffusion-reaction model. Europhys Lett 71(6):1008–1014
Youn BD (2005) Integrated framework for design optimization under aleatory and/or epistemic uncertainties using adaptive-loop method. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of ASME 2005 international design engineering technical conferences and computer and information in engineering conference, Long Beach, September 24–28, 2005
Zhao D, Xue D (2010) Parametric design with neural network relationships and fuzzy relationships considering uncertainties. Comput Ind 61(3):287–296
Zhou J, Mourelatos ZP (2007) An efficient possibility-based design optimization method for a combination of interval and random variables. SAE Technical Paper
Zhou J, Mourelatos ZP (2007) A sequential algorithm for possibility-based design optimization. J Mech Des 130(1):011001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shu, JI., Hong, S.H., Wang, Y. et al. Surrogate- and possibility-based design optimization for convective polymerase chain reaction devices. Microsyst Technol 27, 2623–2638 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-020-05007-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-020-05007-0