Abstract
Concrete is a very flexible composite material that is extensively employed in the building industry. Steel slag is a waste material produced during steelmaking. It is formed during the separation of molten steel from impurities in steelmaking furnaces. Slag starts as a molten liquid melt and cools to a solid state. It is a solution of silicates and oxides that is rather complicated. Steel slag recovery is environmentally friendly since it conserves natural resources and frees up landfill space. Steel slag has been extensively utilized in concrete as a partial substitute for normal and crushed coarse aggregate to improve the mechanical qualities of normal-strength concrete, such as compressive strength. The researchers and suppliers investigated that using steel slag instead of normal coarse aggregate could save the environment and natural resources. Three hundred thirty-eight (338) data sets were gathered and evaluated in total. During the modeling procedure, the most significant factors affecting the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag replacement were considered, including the curing time of 1–180 days, the cement content of 237.35–550 kg/m3, the water-to-cement ratio of 0.3–0.872, the fine aggregate content of 175.5–1285 kg/m3, the steel slag content of 0–1196 kg/m3, and the coarse aggregate content of 0–1253.75 kg/m3. A credible mathematical model is needed to investigate the influence of steel slag as a partial replacement on concrete compressive strength. Mathematical models will help engineers and concrete industries mix a proper concrete mix design, including steel slag, to achieve a desired compressive strength without doing any experimental work. As a result, an artificial neural network (ANN), an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), and an M5P-tree model were presented in this research to predict the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag aggregate replacement. According to previous research findings, all percentages of steel slag improve compressive strength. According to statistical studies, the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system model outperformed the other models in forecasting steel slag replacement compressive strength for normal strength concrete (ANN, MARS, and M5P-tree). It has a higher coefficient of determination of 0.99, a smaller mean absolute error of 0.74 MPa, a smaller root mean square error of 1.12 MPa, a smaller scatter index of 0.029, and a smaller objective of 0.93 MPa.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data supporting the conclusions of this article are included in the article.
References
Miah MJ, et al (2020) Enhancement of mechanical properties and porosity of concrete using steel slag coarse aggregate. Materials 13(12):2865. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122865
Domone P, Illston J (2010) Construction materials: their nature and behaviour/edited by Peter Domone and John Illston. 2010, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Spon Press
Sharba AA (2019) The efficiency of steel slag and recycled concrete aggregate on the strength properties of concrete. KSCE J Civ Eng 23(11):4846–4851
Kalpavalli A, Naik S (2015) Use of demolished concrete wastes as coarse aggregates in high strength concrete production. Int J Eng Res Technol. ISSN, 2278-0181
Furlani E, Tonello G, Maschio S (2010) Recycling of steel slag and glass cullet from energy saving lamps by fast firing production of ceramics. Waste Manage 30(8–9):1714–1719
Tarawneh SA, Gharaibeh ES, Saraireh FM (2014) Effect of using steel slag aggregate on mechanical properties of concrete. Am J Appl Sci 11(5):700
Asi IM, Qasrawi HY, Shalabi FI (2007) Use of steel slag aggregate in asphalt concrete mixes. Can J Civ Eng 34(8):902–911
Kalyoncu RS (2001) Slag-iron and steel. US geological survey minerals yearbook, pp 701–707
Farrand B, Emery J (1995) Recent improvements in quality of steel slag aggregate. Transp Res Rec 1468:137–141
Beshr H, Almusallam A, Maslehuddin M (2003) Effect of coarse aggregate quality on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete. Constr Build Mater 17(2):97–103
Maslehuddin M et al (2003) Comparison of properties of steel slag and crushed limestone aggregate concretes. Constr Build Mater 17(2):105–112
Hansen W (1966) Chemical reactions. In: Significance of tests and properties of concrete and concrete-making materials. 1966, ASTM International
Ahmad SI, Rahman M (2018) Mechanical and durability properties of induction-furnace-slag-incorporated recycled aggregate concrete. Adv Civ Eng
Kim H, Han G, Byun T (1999) A study on the characteristics of LD slag aggregates. J RIST 13(3):285–289
Neville AM, Brooks JJ (1987) Concrete technology. Longman Scientific & Technical England
Neville A (1995) Properties of concrete (vol 4). Longman London
Shariati M, et al (2020) A novel hybrid extreme learning machine–grey wolf optimizer (ELM-GWO) model to predict compressive strength of concrete with partial replacements for cement. Eng Comput, 1–23
Krishna MSV, Begum KMS, Anantharaman N (2017) Hydrodynamic studies in fluidized bed with internals and modeling using ANN and ANFIS. Powder Technol 307:37–45
Hamdia KM et al (2015) Predicting the fracture toughness of PNCs: A stochastic approach based on ANN and ANFIS. Comput Mater Sci 102:304–313
Khademi F, Akbari M, Nikoo M (2017) Displacement determination of concrete reinforcement building using data-driven models. Int J Sustain Built Environ 6(2):400–411
Gupta AK et al (2017) Performance measurement of plate fin heat exchanger by exploration: ANN, ANFIS, GA, and SA. J Comput Des Eng 4(1):60–68
Khademi F et al (2017) Multiple linear regression, artificial neural network, and fuzzy logic prediction of 28 days compressive strength of concrete. Front Struct Civ Eng 11(1):90–99
Behnood A, Olek J, Glinicki MA (2015) Predicting modulus elasticity of recycled aggregate concrete using M5′ model tree algorithm. Constr Build Mater 94:137–147
Mansouri I et al (2016) Predicting behavior of FRP-confined concrete using neuro fuzzy, neural network, multivariate adaptive regression splines and M5 model tree techniques. Mater Struct 49(10):4319–4334
Topçu IB, Bilir T, Boğa AR (2010) Estimation of the modulus of elasticity of slag concrete by using composite material models. Constr Build Mater 24(5):741–748
Bilir T (2016) Investigation of performances of some empirical and composite models for predicting the modulus of elasticity of high strength concretes incorporating ground pumice and silica fume. Constr Build Mater 127:850–860
Mohammed N, Arun DP (2012) Utilization of industrial waste slag as aggregate in concrete applications by adopting Taguchi’s approach for optimization. Open J Civ Eng
Aslam F, et al (2020) Applications of gene expression programming for estimating compressive strength of high-strength concrete. Adv Civ Eng
Chopra P, Sharma RK, Kumar M (2015) Artificial neural networks for the prediction of compressive strength of concrete. Int J Appl Sci Eng 13(3):187–204
Lam L, Wong Y, Poon C-S (1998) Effect of fly ash and silica fume on compressive and fracture behaviors of concrete. Cem Concr Res 28(2):271–283
Khaloo A, Mobini MH, Hosseini P (2016) Influence of different types of nano-SiO2 particles on properties of high-performance concrete. Constr Build Mater 113:188–201
Salemi N, Behfarnia K (2013) Effect of nano-particles on durability of fiber-reinforced concrete pavement. Constr Build Mater 48:934–941
Nili M, Ehsani A, Shabani K (2010) Influence of nano-SiO2 and micro-silica on concrete performance. In: Proceedings second international conference on sustainable construction materials and technologies
MacLeod AJ et al (2020) Enhancing fresh properties and strength of concrete with a pre-dispersed carbon nanotube liquid admixture. Constr Build Mater 247:118524
Vesmawala GR et al (2020) Effectiveness of polycarboxylate as a dispersant of carbon nanotubes in concrete. Mater Today: Proc 28:1170–1174
Hawreen A, Bogas J (2019) Creep, shrinkage and mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with different types of carbon nanotubes. Constr Build Mater 198:70–81
Crainic N, Marques AT (2002) Nanocomposites: a state-of-the-art review. Key Eng Mater 230:656
Zhang P, et al (2021) A critical review on effect of nanomaterials on workability and mechanical properties of high-performance concrete. Adv Civ Eng
Meddah MS, Zitouni S, Belâabes S (2010) Effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete. Constr Build Mater 24(4):505–512
Vinotha G, et al (2019) Two new molecular preprocessing schemes for machine learning and their evaluation using some DT algorithms. In: AIP conference proceedings. 2019. AIP Publishing LLC
Qadir W, Ghafor K, Mohammed A (2019) Characterizing and modeling the mechanical properties of the cement mortar modified with fly ash for various water-to-cement ratios and curing times. Adv Civ Eng
Kohavi R (1995) A study of cross-validation and bootstrap for accuracy estimation and model selection. In: Ijcai. 1995. Montreal, Canada
Ahmad A et al (2021) Prediction of compressive strength of fly ash based concrete using individual and ensemble algorithm. Materials 14(4):794
Jang J-S (1993) ANFIS: adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 23(3):665–685
Pham BT et al (2018) Prediction of shear strength of soft soil using machine learning methods. CATENA 166:181–191
Nguyen PT et al (2019) Development of a novel hybrid intelligence approach for landslide spatial prediction. Appl Sci 9(14):2824
Kaloop MR et al (2019) Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm-Extreme Learning Machine (PSO-ELM) model for predicting resilient modulus of stabilized aggregate bases. Appl Sci 9(16):3221
Xu H et al (2019) Supervised machine learning techniques to the prediction of tunnel boring machine penetration rate. Appl Sci 9(18):3715
Le LT et al (2019) A comparative study of PSO-ANN, GA-ANN, ICA-ANN, and ABC-ANN in estimating the heating load of buildings’ energy efficiency for smart city planning. Appl Sci 9(13):2630
Jang J-SR, Sun C-T, Mizutani E (1997) Neuro-fuzzy and soft computing-a computational approach to learning and machine intelligence [Book Review]. IEEE Trans Autom Control 42(10):1482–1484
Esmaeili M et al (2014) Multiple regression, ANN and ANFIS models for prediction of backbreak in the open pit blasting. Eng Comput 30(4):549–558
Pham BT et al (2019) Development of artificial intelligence models for the prediction of Compression Coefficient of soil: An application of Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. Sci Total Environ 679:172–184
Pham BT et al (2019) Hybrid computational intelligence models for groundwater potential mapping. CATENA 182:104101
Karaboga D, Kaya E (2019) Adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) training approaches: a comprehensive survey. Artif Intell Rev 52(4):2263–2293
Le LM et al (2019) Hybrid artificial intelligence approaches for predicting buckling damage of steel columns under axial compression. Materials 12(10):1670
Termeh SVR et al (2019) Optimization of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for groundwater potential mapping. Hydrogeol J 27(7):2511–2534
Takagi T, Sugeno M (1983) Derivation of fuzzy control rules from human operator’s control actions. IFAC Proc Vol 16(13):55–60
Takagi T, Sugeno M (1985) Fuzzy identification of systems and its applications to modeling and control. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 1:116–132
Abraham A (2005) Adaptation of fuzzy inference system using neural learning. In: Fuzzy systems engineering, Springer, pp 53–83
Nguyen H-L et al (2019) Development of hybrid artificial intelligence approaches and a support vector machine algorithm for predicting the marshall parameters of stone matrix asphalt. Appl Sci 9(15):3172
Mukerji A, Chatterjee C, Raghuwanshi NS (2009) Flood forecasting using ANN, neuro-fuzzy, and neuro-GA models. J Hydrol Eng 14(6):647–652
Nayak P, et al (2005) Short‐term flood forecasting with a neurofuzzy model. Water Resour Res 41(4)
Bui K-TT et al (2018) A novel hybrid artificial intelligent approach based on neural fuzzy inference model and particle swarm optimization for horizontal displacement modeling of hydropower dam. Neural Comput Appl 29(12):1495–1506
Tien Bui D et al (2018) New hybrids of anfis with several optimization algorithms for flood susceptibility modeling. Water 10(9):1210
Friedman JH (1991) Multivariate adaptive regression splines. Ann Stat 19(1):1–67
De Andrés J et al (2011) Bankruptcy forecasting: a hybrid approach using Fuzzy c-means clustering and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). Expert Syst Appl 38(3):1866–1875
Sharda V et al (2006) Modeling runoff from middle Himalayan watersheds employing artificial intelligence techniques. Agric Water Manag 83(3):233–242
Mohammed A, et al (2020) Soft computing techniques: systematic multiscale models to predict the compressive strength of HVFA concrete based on mix proportions and curing times. J Build Eng, p 101851
Quinlan JR (1992) Learning with continuous classes. In: 5th Australian joint conference on artificial intelligence. World Scientific
Naeej M et al (2013) Prediction of lateral confinement coefficient in reinforced concrete columns using M5′ machine learning method. KSCE J Civ Eng 17(7):1714–1719
Dong J et al (2022) Prediction model of compressive strength of fly ash-slag concrete based on multiple adaptive regression splines. Open J Appl Sci 12(3):284–300
Khademi F, Jamal SM (2016) Predicting the 28 days compressive strength of concrete using artificial neural network. I-manager’s J Civ Eng 6:1–7
Singh B, et al. (2019) Estimation of compressive strength of high-strength concrete by random forest and M5P model tree approaches. J Mater Eng Struct, 6(4): 583–592
Keshavarz Z, Torkian H (2018) Application of ANN and ANFIS models in determining compressive strength of concrete. J Soft Comput Civ Eng 2(1):62–70
Prasad ML, Saha P (2019) Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for predicting compressive strength of fibres self compacting concrete. In: Applied mechanics and materials. Trans Tech Publ
Al-Shamiri AK, Yuan T-F, Kim JH (2020) Non-tuned machine learning approach for predicting the compressive strength of high-performance concrete. Materials 13(5):1023
Taylor KE (2001) Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J Geophys Res: Atmos 106(D7):7183–7192
Tenza-Abril AJ et al (2018) Prediction and sensitivity analysis of compressive strength in segregated lightweight concrete based on artificial neural network using ultrasonic pulse velocity. Constr Build Mater 189:1173–1183
Vickers NJ (2017) Animal communication: when i’m calling you, will you answer too? Curr Biol 27(14):R713–R715
Acknowledgements
The Research Center at Soran university supported this work.
Funding
This work had no funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Piro, N.S., Mohammed, A., Hamad, S.M. et al. Artificial neural networks (ANN), MARS, and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to predict the stress at the failure of concrete with waste steel slag coarse aggregate replacement. Neural Comput & Applic 35, 13293–13319 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-023-08439-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-023-08439-7