Hypersensitivity of Fagus sylvatica L. against leaf galling insects

Abstract

Hypersensitivity is known as a localized resistance of plants against pathogens. It also can be detected in response to galling insects, i.e., in the area immediately adjacent to the site of oviposition and attempted penetration by the galling larva. This host response includes morphological and histological changes that cause the death of the attacked tissue. It is observed as a rounded dark brown halo around the gall induction site. We provide the first observation on the occurrence and possible relevance of this induced mechanism by which one of the most common tree species in Germany, Fagus sylvatica L., resists attack by two of its most common galling insects, Mikiola fagi and Hartigiola annulipes (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Galls induced by these cecidomyiids were extremely common in the studied area in beech forests around Darmstadt, Germany. The availability of resources (leaves on a stem) was a poor predictor of attack by the galling insects as well as for gall abundance (galls successfully formed). Hypersensitive reaction was the most important factor acting against the galling population studied. More than 77% of the attempts of the insects to induce galls on F. sylvatica resulted in failure and consequently the death of the galling larvae. Therefore, few live galls remained to be found and destroyed by natural enemies. This corroborates the view that in galling insect–host plant system interactions plant-driven factors may play a major role in determining herbivore failure and success, and perhaps the resulting community structure.