Abstract
Background
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is an early marker of cardiac disease in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD), but few studies have analyzed longitudinal trends. We conducted a prospective 3-year follow-up study in pediatric CKD and kidney transplant (CKD-T) patients.
Methods
The patient cohort comprised 30 CKD and 42 CKD-T patients. The results of annual clinical and echocardiographic analyses using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and pulse wave Doppler (PWD) were assessed, and associations to predictive risk factors were studied using multivariate modeling.
Results
The mean age of CKD and CKD-T patients at inclusion was 9.8 ± 4.4 and 11.8 ± 4.3 years, respectively; the glomerular filtration rate was 35.3 ± 18.3 and 60.3 ± 18.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), as assessed using TDI (lateral z-score e′) was 7.1 and 12.5 % in CKD and CKD-T patients, respectively; the corresponding values with PWD E were 3.3 and 2.4 %, respectively. In unadjusted analyses, both TDI and PWD markers of diastolic function worsened over the follow-up period; following adjustments, an elevated systolic ambulatory blood pressure was the most important predictor of cardiac disease.
Conclusions
Children with CKD show early signs of LVDD, with TDI being more sensitive than PWD in terms of diagnostic potential. An increased ambulatory systolic blood pressure predicted progression in diastolic function, suggesting opportunities for future interventions.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the nurses and colleagues at the Pediatric Nephrology Department at Astrid Lindgren Children´s Hospital Huddinge and Physiology Clinical at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge for assistance in the clinical and echocardiographic investigations. Further, we thank Rita Balzano, Biomedical scientist, for excellently performing all carotid ultrasounds. A special thanks is also given to statistician Ulf Hammar at the Karolinska Institutet, Department of Environmental Medicine and Unit of Biostatistics for supporting YTL in the statistical analyses.
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The local ethics committee approved the study protocol, and informed consent was obtained from all participating children and their parents or legal guardians.
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YTL was partly supported by grants from the Swedish Kidney-, Jerring-, Freemanson-, Samaritan- and Signe Olof Wallenius- Foundations. Funding was also provided through the regional agreement on clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm county council and the Karolinska Institute. The funders had no role in the study. GV, JA, MH and PB had no funding in this project.
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The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interest.
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Tranæus Lindblad, Y., Vavilis, G., Axelsson, J. et al. Assessing longitudinal trends in cardiac function among pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 31, 1485–1497 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3371-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3371-z