References
Hanna HE, Santella RN, Zawada ET Jr, Masterson TE (1997) Nutcracker syndrome: an underdiagnosed cause for hematuria? S D J Med 50:429–436
Ahmed K, Sampath R, Khan MS (2006) Current trends in the diagnosis and management of renal nutcracker syndrome: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 31:410–416
Rudloff U, Holmes RJ, Prem JT, Faust GR, Moldwin R, Siegel D (2006) Mesoaortic compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker syndrome): case reports and review of the literature. Ann Vasc Surg 20:120–129
Ali-El-Dein B, Osman Y, Shehab El-Din AB, El-Diasty T, Mansour O, Ghoneim MA (2003) Anterior and posterior nutcracker syndrome: a report on 11 cases. Transplant Proc 35:851–853
Wolfish NM, McLaine PN, Martin D (1986) Renal vein entrapment syndrome: frequency and diagnosis. A lesson in conservatism. Clin Nephrol 26:96–100
Lee CC, Lin JT, Deng HH, Lin ST (1993) Hematuria due to nutcracker phenomenon of left renal vein: report of a case. J Formos Med Assoc 92:291–293
Tanaka H, Waga S (2004) Spontaneous remission of persistent severe hematuria in an adolescent with nutcracker syndrome: seven years’ observation. Clin Exp Nephrol 8:68–70
Shin JI, Park JM, Lee SM, Shin YH, Kim JH, Lee JS, Kim MJ (2005) Factors affecting spontaneous resolution of hematuria in childhood nutcracker syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 20:609–613
Park SJ, Lim JW, Cho BS, Yoon TY, Oh JH (2002) Nutcracker syndrome in children with orthostatic proteinuria: diagnosis on the basis of Doppler sonography. J Ultrasound Med 21:39–45; Quiz 46
Shin JI, Lee SM, Park JM, Shin YH, Lee JS, Kim MJ (2005) Doppler ultrasonographic detection of nutcracker syndrome in a young child with intussusception: a case report. Acta Paediatr 94:1510–1513
Nishimura Y, Fushiki M, Yoshida M, Nakamura K, Imai M, Ono T, Morikawa S, Hatayama T, Komatz Y (1986) Left renal vein hypertension in patients with left renal bleeding of unknown origin. Radiology 160:663–667
Takebayashi S, Ueki T, Ikeda N, Fujikawa A (1999) Diagnosis of the nutcracker syndrome with color Doppler sonography: correlation with flow patterns on retrograde left renal venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:39–43
Kaneko K, Kiya K, Nishimura K, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y (2001) Nutcracker phenomenon demonstrated by three-dimensional computed tomography. Pediatr Nephrol 16:745–747
Kaneko K, Ohtomo Y, Yamashiro Y, Obinata K, Kurokawa S, Aizawa S (1999) Magnetic resonance angiography in nutcracker phenomenon. Clin Nephrol 51:259–260
Takemura T, Iwasa H, Yamamoto S, Hino S, Fukushima K, Isokawa S, Okada M, Yoshioka K (2000) Clinical and radiological features in four adolescents with nutcracker syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 14:1002–1005
Zerin JM, Hernandez RJ, Sedman AB, Kelsch RC (1991) “Dilatation” of the left renal vein on computed tomography in children: a normal variant. Pediatr Radiol 21:267–269
Kim SH, Cho SW, Kim HD, Chung JW, Park JH, Han MC (1996) Nutcracker syndrome: diagnosis with Doppler US. Radiology 198:93–97
Cheon JE, Kim WS, Kim IO, Kim SH, Yeon KM, Ha IS, Cheong HI, Choi Y (2006) Nutcracker syndrome in children with gross haematuria: Doppler sonographic evaluation of the left renal vein. Pediatr Radiol 36:682–686
Chen W, Chu J, Yang JY, Li HP, Zhuang WQ, Huang YH, Guo WB (2005) Endovascular stent placement for the treatment of nutcracker phenomenon in three pediatric patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:1529–1533
Kim SJ, Kim CW, Kim S, Lee TH, Lee JW, Lee SH, Jeong YS (2005) Long-term follow-up after endovascular stent placement for treatment of nutcracker syndrome. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:428–431
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr. John Mahan for reviewing the manuscript and offering thoughtful comments. The authors also wish to thank Brad Hoehne for assistance in preparing portions of the figures.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This refers to the article that can be found at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-280-6.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bates, C.M., Adler, B.M., Schwaderer, A. et al. A patient with recurrent episodes of red urine: answer. Pediatr Nephrol 22, 188–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0281-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0281-5