Abstract
As mutualists, seed dispersers may significantly affect mutualistic interactions and seedling recruitment of sympatric plants that share similar seed dispersers, but studies are rare. Here, we compared seed dispersal fitness in two co-occurring plant species (Armeniaca sibirica and Amygdalus davidiana) that inhabit warm temperate deciduous forest in northern China. We tested the hypothesis that seed trait-mediated selection by rodents may influence mutualistic interactions with rodents and then seedling establishment of co-occurring plant species. A. davidiana seeds are larger and harder (thick endocarps) than A. sibirica seeds, but they have similar levels of nutrients (crude fat, crude protein), caloric value and tannin. More A. sibirica seedlings are found in the field. Semi-natural enclosure tests indicated that the two seed species were both harvested by the same six rodent species, but that A. sibirica had mutualistic interactions (scatter hoarding) with four rodent species (Apodemus peninsulae, A. agrarius, Sciurotamias davidianus, Tamias sibiricus), and A. davidiana with only one (S. davidianus). Tagged seed dispersal experiments in the field indicated that more A. sibirica seeds were scatter-hoarded by rodents, and more A. sibirica seeds survived to the next spring and became seedlings. A. sibirica seeds derive more benefit from seed dispersal by rodents than A. davidiana seeds, particularly in years with limited seed dispersers, which well explained the higher seedling recruitment of A. sibirica compared with that of A. davidiana under natural conditions. Our results suggest that seed dispersers may play a significant role in seedling recruitment and indirect competition between co-occurring plant species.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Fusheng Wang, Wei Wang and Xianying Shang for assistance with seed collection and field studies. This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31372212, 31172102, 31330013) and the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD–EW–TZ–L01).
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Z. Zhang and H. Zhang designed the study; H. Zhang conducted the experiments; and all authors contributed to writing of the manuscript.
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Communicated by Amy Austin.
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Zhang, H., Yan, C., Chang, G. et al. Seed trait-mediated selection by rodents affects mutualistic interactions and seedling recruitment of co-occurring tree species. Oecologia 180, 475–484 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3490-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3490-4