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Induced plant defense via volatile production is dependent on rhizobial symbiosis

  • Plant-Animal Interactions - Original Research
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Abstract

Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia can substantially influence plant–herbivore interactions by altering plant chemical composition and food quality. However, the effects of rhizobia on plant volatiles, which serve as indirect and direct defenses against arthropod herbivores and as signals in defense-associated plant–plant and within-plant signaling, are still unstudied. We measured the release of jasmonic acid (JA)-induced volatiles of rhizobia-colonized and rhizobia-free lima bean plants (Fabaceae: Phaseolus lunatus L.) and tested effects of their respective bouquets of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on a specialist insect herbivore (Mexican bean beetle; Coccinellidae: Epilachna varivestis Mulsant) in olfactometer choice trials. In a further experiment, we showed that VOC induction by JA reflects the plant responses to mechanical wounding and insect herbivory. Following induction with JA, rhizobia-colonized plants released significantly higher amounts of the shikimic acid-derived compounds, whereas the emission of compounds produced via the octadecanoid, mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways was reduced. These changes affected the choice behavior of beetles as the preference of non-induced plants was much more pronounced for plants that were colonized by rhizobia. We showed that indole likely represents the causing agent for the observed repellent effects of jasmonic acid-induced VOCs of rhizobia-colonized lima bean plants. Our study demonstrates a rhizobia-triggered efficacy of induced plant defense via volatiles. Due to these findings, we interpret rhizobia as an integral part of legume defenses against herbivores.

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Acknowledgments

S. K. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship (grant LPDS 2009-29) from the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. Startup funds to D. J. B. from Portland State University are gratefully acknowledged. We thank Sascha Eilmus for providing the rhizobial strain used in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA

    Daniel J. Ballhorn

  2. Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA

    Stefanie Kautz

  3. Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle, Germany

    Martin Schädler

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  1. Daniel J. Ballhorn
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Correspondence to Daniel J. Ballhorn.

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Communicated by Roland Brandl.

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Ballhorn, D.J., Kautz, S. & Schädler, M. Induced plant defense via volatile production is dependent on rhizobial symbiosis. Oecologia 172, 833–846 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2539-x

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