Abstract
Intraspecific trait variability has a fundamental contribution to the overall trait variability. However, little is known concerning the relative role of local (e.g. disturbances and species interaction) and regional (biogeographical) processes in generating this intraspecific trait variability. While biogeographical processes enhance plant trait variability between distant populations, in fire-prone ecosystems, recurrent fires may have a preponderant role in generating variability at a local scale. We hypothesize that plants respond to the local spatio-temporal heterogeneity generated by fire by having a relatively large local variability in regeneration traits in such a way that overrides the variability at a broader biogeographical scale. We test this hypothesis by assessing the intraspecific variability in fire-related regeneration traits of two species (Cistus salviifolius and Lavandula stoechas) growing in fire-prone ecosystems of the Mediterranean Basin. For each species, we selected six populations in two distant regions, three in the east (Anatolian Peninsula) and three in the west (Iberian Peninsula). For each species and population, we analysed the following regeneration traits: seed size, seed dormancy and stimulated germination by fire-related cues (heat and smoke). To evaluate the distribution of the variability in these traits, we decomposed the variability of trait values at each level, between regions (regional) and between population within region (local), using linear mixed-effect models. Despite the biogeographical and climatic differences between regions, for the two species, intraspecific variability in regeneration traits was higher at a local (within regions) than at a regional scale (between regions). Our results suggest that, in Mediterranean ecosystems, fire is an important source of intraspecific variability in regeneration traits. This supports the prominent role of fire as an ecological and evolutionary process, producing trait variability and shaping biodiversity in fire-prone ecosystems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albert CH, Thuiller W, Yoccoz NG, Douzet R, Aubert S, Lavorel S (2010) A multi-trait approach reveals the structure and the relative importance of intra- vs. interspecific variability in plant traits. Funct Ecol 24:1192–1201
Boege K, Dirzo R (2004) Intraspecific variation in growth, defense and herbivory in Dialium guianense (Caesalpiniaceae) mediated by edaphic heterogeneity. Plant Ecol 175:59–69
Bolnick DI, Amarasekare P, Araújo MS, Bürger R, Levine JM, Novak M, Rudolf VHW, Schreiber SJ, Urban MC, Vasseur DA (2011) Why intraspecific trait variation matters in community ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 26:183–192
Cianciaruso M, Batalha M, Gaston K, Petchey O (2009) Including intraspecific variability in functional diversity. Ecology 90:81–89
Cruz A, Pérez B, Velasco A, Moreno JM (2003) Variability in seed germination at the interpopulation, intrapopulation and intraindividual levels of the shrub Erica australis in response to fire-related cues. Plant Ecol 169:93–103
Debussche MA, Thompson JD (2002) Morphological differentiation among closely related species with disjunct distributions: a case study of Mediterranean Cyclamen L. subgen. Psilanthum Schwarz (Primulaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 139:133–144
Delgado JA, Serrano JM, López F, Acosta FJ (2001) Heat shock, mass-dependent germination, and seed yield as related components of fitness in Cistus ladanifer. Environ Exp Bot 46:11–20
Delgado J, Serrano J, López F, Acosta F (2008) Seed size and seed germination in the Mediterranean fire-prone shrub Cistus ladanifer. Plant Ecol 197:269–276
Dolan R, Quintana-Ascencio P, Menges E (2008) Genetic change following fire in populations of a seed-banking perennial plant. Oecologia 158:355–360
Ellner S, Hairston NG (1994) Role of overlapping generations in maintaining genetic variation in a fluctuating environment. Am Nat 143:403–417
Farley R, McNeilly T (2000) Diversity and divergence in Cistus salvifolius (L.) populations from contrasting habitats. Hereditas 132:183–192
Fernández-Mazuecos M, Vargas P (2010) Ecological rather than geographical isolation dominates Quaternary formation of Mediterranean Cistus species. Mol Ecol 19:1381–1395
García Molinos J, Donohue I (2011) Temporal variability within disturbance events regulates their effects on natural communities. Oecologia 166:795–806
Garzón MB, Alía R, Robson TM, Zavala MA (2011) Intra-specific variability and plasticity influence potential tree species distributions under climate change. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:766–778
Ganeshaiah K, Shaanker R (1991) Seed size optimization in a wind dispersed tree Butea monosperma: a trade-off between seedling establishment and pod dispersal efficiency. Oikos 60:3–6
Hampe A, Arroyo J, Jordano P, Petit RJ (2003) Rangewide phylogeography of a bird-dispersed Eurasian shrub: contrasting Mediterranean and temperate glacial refugia. Mol Ecol 12:3415–3426
Herrera C (2009) Multiplicity in unity: plant subindividual variation and interactions with animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Jäger AK, Light ME, van Staden J (1996) Effects of source of plant material and temperature on the production of smoke extracts that promote germination of light-sensitive lettuce seeds. Environ Exp Bot 36:421–429
Jung V, Violle C, Mondy C, Hoffmann L, Muller S (2010) Intraspecific variability and trait-based community assembly. J Ecol 98:1134–1140
Keeley JE (1991) Seed germination and life history syndromes in the California chaparral. Bot Rev 57:81–116
Keeley JE (1995) Seed germination patterns in fire-prone Mediterranean-climate regions. In: Arroyo MTK, Zedler PH, Fox MD (eds) Ecology and biogeography of Mediterranean ecosystems in Chile, California and Australia. Academic, San Diego, pp 239–273
Keeley JE, Fotheringham CJ (2000) Role of fire in regeneration from seed. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities, vol 13, 2nd edn. CAB International, Oxon, pp 311–330
Keeley JE, Pausas JG, Rundel PW, Bond WJ, Bradstock RA (2011) Fire as an evolutionary pressure shaping plant traits. Trends Plant Sci 16:406–411
Lecerf A, Chauvet E (2008) Intraspecific variability in leaf traits strongly affects alder leaf decomposition in a stream. Basic Appl Ecol 9:598–605
Leishman MR, Westoby M (1998) Seed size and shape are not related to persistence in soil in Australia in the same way as in Britain. Funct Ecol 12:480–485
Messier J, McGill BJ, Lechowicz MJ (2010) How do traits vary across ecological scales? A case for trait-based ecology. Ecol Lett 13:838–848
Moles AT, Hodson DW, Webb CJ (2000) Seed size and shape and persistence in the soil in the New Zealand flora. Oikos 89:541–545
Moreira B, Tormo J, Estrelles E, Pausas JG (2010) Disentangling the role of heat and smoke as germination cues in Mediterranean Basin flora. Ann Bot 105:627–635
Paula S, Arianoutsou M, Kazanis D, Tavsanoglu Ç, Lloret F, Buhk C, Ojeda F, Luna B, Moreno J, Rodrigo A, Espelta J, Palacio S, Fernández-Santos B, Fernandes P, Pausas J (2009) Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. Ecology 90:1420
Pausas JG (1999) The response of plant functional types to changes in the fire regime in Mediterranean ecosystems. A simulation approach. J Veg Sci 10:717–722
Pausas JG, Lloret F (2007) Spatial and temporal patterns of plant functional types under simulated fire regimes. Int J Wildland Fire 16:484–492
Pausas JG, Keeley JE (2009) A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. Bioscience 59:593–601
Pausas JG, Keeley JE, Keith DA, Bradstock RA (2004) Plant functional traits in relation to fire in crown-fire ecosystems. Ecology 85:1085–1100
Pausas JG, Verdú M (2005) Plant persistence traits in fire-prone ecosystems of the Mediterranean basin: a phylogenetic approach. Oikos 109:196–202
Pausas JG, Verdú M (2010) The jungle of methods for evaluating phenotypic and phylogenetic structure of communities. Bioscience 60:614–625
Peco B, Traba J, Levassor C, Sanchez AM, Azcárate FM (2003) Seed size, shape and persistence in dry Mediterranean grass and scrublands. Seed Sci Res 13:87–95
Pérez-García F, Hornero J, González-Benito M (2003) Interpopulation variation in seed germination of five Mediterranean Labiatae shrubby species. Isr J Plant Sci 51:117–124
Prinzing A, Reiffers R, Braakhekke WG, Hennekens SM, Tackenberg O, Ozinga WA, Schaminée JHJ, Van Groenendael JM (2008) Less lineages—more trait variation: phylogenetically clustered plant communities are functionally more diverse. Ecol Lett 11:809–819
Sandquist DR, Ehleringer JR (1997) Intraspecific variation of leaf pubescence and drought response in Encelia farinosa associated with contrasting desert environments. New Phytol 135:635–644
Schrey AW, Fox AM, Mushinsky HR, McCoy ED (2011) Fire increases variance in genetic characteristics of Florida Sand Skink (Plestiodon reynoldsi) local populations. Mol Ecol 20:56–66
Segarra-Moragues JG, Ojeda F (2010) Postfire response and genetic diversity in Erica coccinea: connecting population dynamics and diversification in a biodiversity hotspot. Evolution 64:3511–3524
Sousa W (1984) The role of disturbance in natural communities. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 15:353–391
Stock W, Pate J, Delfs J (1990) Influence of seed size and quality on seedling development under low nutrient conditions in five Australian and South African members of the Proteaceae. J Ecol 78:1005–1020
Thanos CA, Georghiou K (1988) Ecophysiology of fire-stimulated seed germination in Cistus incanus ssp. creticus (L.) Heywood and C. salvifolius L. Plant Cell Environ 11:841–849
Thanos CA, Georghiou K, Douma DJ, Marangaki CJ (1991) Photoinhibition of seed germination in Mediterranean maritime plants. Ann Bot 68:469–475
Thanos CA, Kadis CC, Skarou F (1995) Ecophysiology of germination in the aromatic plants thyme, savory and oregano (Labiatae). Seed Sci Res 5:161–170
Thompson K, Band S, Hodgson J (1993) Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Funct Ecol 7:236–241
Thompson JD (2005) Plant evolution in the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, USA
Tieu A, Dixon KW, Meney KA, Sivasithamparam K, Barrett RL (2001) Spatial and developmental variation in seed dormancy characteristics in the fire-responsive species Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae) from Western Australia. Ann Bot 88:19–26
Vázquez A, Moreno JM (2001) Spatial distribution of forest fires in Sierra de Gredos (Central Spain). For Ecol Manag 147:55–65
Verdú M, Pausas JG (2007) Fire drives phylogenetic clustering in Mediterranean Basin woody plant communities. J Ecol 95:1316–1323
Wade M, McCauley D (1988) Extinction and recolonization: their effects on the genetic differentiation of local populations. Evolution 42:995–1005
Acknowledgments
B.M. is supported by a grant from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/41343/2007), and Ç.T. was supported by the Short Term Scientific Mission of European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action No: FP0701, European Commission (Post-fire forest management in Southern Europe). We thank I. Fernandes for her help during the germination experiment and J. Messier for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Spanish project VIRRA (CGL2009-12048/BOS). CIDE is supported by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Generalitat Valencia and the University of Valencia. The experiments performed in this article comply with the current laws of Spain and Turkey.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Peter Clarke.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Moreira, B., Tavsanoglu, Ç. & Pausas, J.G. Local versus regional intraspecific variability in regeneration traits. Oecologia 168, 671–677 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2127-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2127-5