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The omentum harbors unique conditions in the peritoneal cavity to promote healing and regeneration for diaphragm muscle repair in mdx mice

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Abstract

Although the primary cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic mutation, the inflammatory response contributes directly to severity and exacerbation of the diaphragm muscle pathology. The omentum is a lymphoid organ with unique structural and immune functions serving as a sanctuary of hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitors that coordinate immune responses in the peritoneal cavity. Upon activation, these progenitors expand and the organ produces large amounts of growth factors orchestrating tissue regeneration. The omentum of mdx mouse, a DMD murine model, is rich in milky spots and produces growth factors that promote diaphragm muscle regeneration. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the omentum as an important immunologic structure and highlights its contribution to resolution of dystrophic muscle injury by providing an adequate environment for muscle regeneration, thus being a potential site for therapeutic interventions in DMD.

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Abbreviations

Ang-1:

Angiopoietin 1

CALT:

Coelomic-associated lymphoid tissue

DMD:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

HEV:

High endothelial venules

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IRF4:

Interferon regulatory factor 4

LTIC:

Lymphoid tissue inducer cells

LT-α:

Lymphotoxin alpha

MadCAM-1:

Mucosal vascular addressing cell adhesion molecule-1

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MDSC:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

MIP-1α:

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha

omFALCs:

Omentum fat-associated lymphocyte clusters

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

RAG-1:

Recombination activating gene 1

RALDH:

Retinaldehyde dehydrogenase

RANTES:

Regulated on activated, normal T cell expressed and secreted

SDF-1α:

Stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha

STAT:

Signal transducers and activators of transcription

α4β7:

Alpha-4-beta-7 integrin

αLβ2/LFA-1:

Alpha-L-beta-2/Leucocyte function-associated antigen-1

Tyr:

Tyrosine kinase

VCAM:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Funding

This study was supported by grants from FAPERJ (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro), PROPPI (UFF), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001.

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Author notes

  1. Jaciara F. G. Gama and Douglas Florindo Pinheiro contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil

    Jaciara F. G. Gama, Rafael Ferreira Da Silva & Thereza Quirico-Santos

  2. Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Gragoata Bl-M, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, 24210-200, Brazil

    Jaciara F. G. Gama, Douglas Florindo Pinheiro, Thereza Quirico-Santos & Jussara Lagrota-Candido

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  1. Jaciara F. G. Gama
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  2. Douglas Florindo Pinheiro
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  3. Rafael Ferreira Da Silva
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  4. Thereza Quirico-Santos
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  5. Jussara Lagrota-Candido
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Correspondence to Jussara Lagrota-Candido.

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All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Animal Care Committee CEUA UFF (protocol numbers 171, 717, and 1054) and conducted according to the Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal, CONCEA.

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Gama, J.F.G., Pinheiro, D.F., Da Silva, R.F. et al. The omentum harbors unique conditions in the peritoneal cavity to promote healing and regeneration for diaphragm muscle repair in mdx mice. Cell Tissue Res 382, 447–455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-020-03238-1

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