Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Gene polymorphisms, apoptotic capacity and cancer risk

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Human Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Programmed cell death has been implicated in various aspects of cancer development. Apoptotic capacity is a subject of significant interindividual variations, which are largely attributed to hereditary traits. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within cell death genes may influence cancer risk in various ways. Low activity of apoptosis may favor cancer development because of the failure to eliminate cellular clones carrying DNA damage and propensity to inflammation, but may also protect against malignancy due to preservation of antitumor immune cells. Phenotyping studies assessing cell death rate in cancer patients versus healthy controls are limited in number and produced controversial results. TP53 R72P polymorphism is the only SNP whose functional impact on apoptotic response has been replicated in independent investigations. Intriguingly, meta-analysis of TP53 genotyping studies has provided evidence for the association between apoptosis-deficient TP53 genotype and tumor susceptibility. Systematic analysis of cancer-predisposing relevance of other apoptotic gene SNPs remains to be done.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Barber JB, West CM, Kiltie AE, Roberts SA, Scott D (2000) Detection of individual differences in radiation-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in normal individuals, ataxia telangiectasia homozygotes and heterozygotes, and breast cancer patients after radiotherapy. Radiat Res 153:570–578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley JP, de Rooij H, van den Elsen PJ, Huizinga TW, Verweij CL (2001) Functional analysis of linker-scan mutants spanning the −376, −308, −244, and −238 polymorphic sites of the TNF-alpha promoter. Cytokine 14:316–323

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley JP, Ottenhoff TH, Verweij CL (2004) Is there a future for TNF promoter polymorphisms? Genes Immun 5:315–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckman G, Birgander R, Själander A, Saha N, Holmberg PA, Kivelä A, Beckman L (1994) Is p53 polymorphism maintained by natural selection? Hum Hered 44:266–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendesky A, Rosales A, Salazar AM, Sordo M, Peniche J, Ostrosky-Wegman P (2007) p53 codon 72 polymorphism, DNA damage and repair, and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer. Mutat Res 619:38–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biros E, Kohút A, Biros I, Kalina I, Bogyiová E, Stubna J (2002) A link between the p53 germ line polymorphisms and white blood cells apoptosis in lung cancer patients. Lung Cancer 35:231–235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonafè M, Salvioli S, Barbi C, Mishto M, Trapassi C, Gemelli C, Storci G, Olivieri F, Monti D, Franceschi C (2002) p53 codon 72 genotype affects apoptosis by cytosine arabinoside in blood leukocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 299:539–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonafé M, Salvioli S, Barbi C, Trapassi C, Tocco F, Storci G, Invidia L, Vannini I, Rossi M, Marzi E, Mishto M, Capri M, Olivieri F, Antonicelli R, Memo M, Uberti D, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Monti D, Franceschi C (2004) The different apoptotic potential of the p53 codon 72 alleles increases with age and modulates in vivo ischaemia-induced cell death. Cell Death Differ 11:962–973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brendle A, Lei H, Brandt A, Johansson R, Enquist K, Henriksson R, Hemminki K, Lenner P, Försti A (2008) Polymorphisms in predicted microRNA-binding sites in integrin genes and breast cancer: ITGB4 as prognostic marker. Carcinogenesis 29:1394–1399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman BM, Zuijdeest D, Kaijzel EL, Breedveld FC, Verweij CL (1995–1996) Relevance of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) −308 promoter polymorphism in TNF alpha gene regulation. J Inflamm 46:32–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Campisi J (2003) Cancer and ageing: rival demons? Nat Rev Cancer 3:339–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camplejohn RS, Gilchrist R, Easton D, McKenzie-Edwards E, Barnes DM, Eccles DM, Ardern-Jones A, Hodgson SV, Duddy PM, Eeles RA (2003) Apoptosis, ageing and cancer susceptibility. Br J Cancer 88:487–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camplejohn RS, Hodgson S, Carter N, Kato BS, Spector TD (2006) Heritability of DNA-damage-induced apoptosis and its relationship with age in lymphocytes from female twins. Br J Cancer 95:520–524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox A, Dunning AM, Garcia-Closas M, Balasubramanian S, Reed MW, Pooley KA, Scollen S, Baynes C, Ponder BA, Chanock S, Lissowska J, Brinton L, Peplonska B, Southey MC, Hopper JL, McCredie MR, Giles GG, Fletcher O, Johnson N, dos Santos Silva I, Gibson L, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG, Axelsson CK, Torres D, Hamann U, Justenhoven C, Brauch H, Chang-Claude J, Kropp S, Risch A, Wang-Gohrke S, Schürmann P, Bogdanova N, Dörk T, Fagerholm R, Aaltonen K, Blomqvist C, Nevanlinna H, Seal S, Renwick A, Stratton MR, Rahman N, Sangrajrang S, Hughes D, Odefrey F, Brennan P, Spurdle AB, Chenevix-Trench G, Kathleen Cunningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer, Beesley J, Mannermaa A, Hartikainen J, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Couch FJ, Olson JE, Goode EL, Broeks A, Schmidt MK, Hogervorst FB, Van’t Veer LJ, Kang D, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Ahn SH, Wedrén S, Hall P, Low YL, Liu J, Milne RL, Ribas G, Gonzalez-Neira A, Benitez J, Sigurdson AJ, Stredrick DL, Alexander BH, Struewing JP, Pharoah PD, Easton DF, Breast Cancer Association Consortium (2007) A common coding variant in CASP8 is associated with breast cancer risk. Nat Genet 39:352–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM (2006) Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer 6:24–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Docherty Z, Georgiou A, Langman C, Kesterton I, Rose S, Camplejohn R, Ball J, Barwell J, Gilchrist R, Pangon L, Berg J, Hodgson S (2007) Is chromosome radiosensitivity and apoptotic response to irradiation correlated with cancer susceptibility? Int J Radiat Biol 83:1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donehower LA (2005) p53: guardian AND suppressor of longevity? Exp Gerontol 40:7–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont P, Leu JI, Della Pietra AC 3rd, George DL, Murphy M (2003) The codon 72 polymorphic variants of p53 have markedly different apoptotic potential. Nat Genet 33:357–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Easton DF, Eeles RA (2008) Genome-wide association studies in cancer. Hum Mol Genet 17:R109–R115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnberg N, Klein-Szanto AJ, El-Deiry WS (2008) TRAIL-R deficiency in mice promotes susceptibility to chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 118:111–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnon P, Robertson N, Dziwura S, Raffy C, Zhang W, Ainsbury L, Kaprio J, Badie C, Bouffler S (2008) Evidence for significant heritability of apoptotic and cell cycle responses to ionising radiation. Hum Genet 123:485–493

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gazouli M, Tzanakis N, Rallis G, Theodoropoulos G, Papaconstantinou I, Kostakis A, Anagnou NP, Nikiteas N (2009) Survivin −31G/C promoter polymorphism and sporadic colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:145–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green DR, Droin N, Pinkoski M (2003) Activation-induced cell death in T cells. Immunol Rev 193:70–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hairutdinov VR, Moshkalov AV, Samtsov AV, Buslov KG, Kuligina ESh, Mitiushkina NV, Suspitsin EN, Togo AV, Hanson KP, Imyanitov EN (2005) Apoptosis-deficient Pro allele of p53 gene is associated with the resistance of psoriasis to the UV-based therapy. J Dermatol Sci 37:185–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (2000) The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100:57–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan HI, Walker RA (1998) Decreased apoptosis in non-involved tissue from cancer-containing breasts. J Pathol 184:258–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi T, Seki N, Kamizono S, Yamada A, Kimura A, Kato H, Itoh K (1998) Polymorphism of the 5′-flanking region of the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gene in Japanese. Tissue Antigens 51:605–612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hohjoh H, Tokunaga K (2001) Allele-specific binding of the ubiquitous transcription factor OCT-1 to the functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNFA) promoter. Genes Immun 2:105–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imyanitov EN (2009) Use of elderly tumor-free subjects as a “supercontrol” for cancer epidemiological studies: pros and cons. Mech Ageing Dev 130:122–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imyanitov EN, Togo AV, Hanson KP (2004) Searching for cancer-associated gene polymorphisms: promises and obstacles. Cancer Lett 204:3–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imyanitov E, Hanson K, Zhivotovsky B (2005) Polymorphic variations in apoptotic genes and cancer predisposition. Cell Death Differ 12:1004–1007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jang JS, Kim KM, Kang KH, Choi JE, Lee WK, Kim CH, Kang YM, Kam S, Kim IS, Jun JE, Jung TH, Park JY (2008) Polymorphisms in the survivin gene and the risk of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 60:31–39

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic M, Hengartner MO (2006) miRNAs and apoptosis: RNAs to die for. Oncogene 25:6176–6187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanemitsu S, Ihara K, Saifddin A, Otsuka T, Takeuchi T, Nagayama J, Kuwano M, Hara T (2002) A functional polymorphism in fas (CD95/APO-1) gene promoter associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 29:1183–1188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Fisher MJ, Xu SQ, el-Deiry WS (2000) Molecular determinants of response to TRAIL in killing of normal and cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 6:335–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight JC, Udalova I, Hill AV, Greenwood BM, Peshu N, Marsh K, Kwiatkowski D (1999) A polymorphism that affects OCT-1 binding to the TNF promoter region is associated with severe malaria. Nat Genet 22:145–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ (1997) The −308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Mol Immunol 34:391–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letai AG (2008) Diagnosing and exploiting cancer’s addiction to blocks in apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer 8:121–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lv K, Chen R, Cai Q, Fang M, Sun S (2006) Effects of a single nucleotide polymorphism on the expression of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Scand J Immunol 64:164–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Ruan G, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu P, Qin YZ, Li JL, Liu YR, Ma D, Zhao H (2005) Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms with linkage disequilibrium in the human programmed cell death 5 gene 5′ regulatory region affect promoter activity and the susceptibility of chronic myelogenous leukemia in Chinese population. Clin Cancer Res 11:8592–8599

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacPherson G, Healey CS, Teare MD, Balasubramanian SP, Reed MW, Pharoah PD, Ponder BA, Meuth M, Bhattacharyya NP, Cox A (2004) Association of a common variant of the CASP8 gene with reduced risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:1866–1869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majid A, Tsoulakis O, Walewska R, Gesk S, Siebert R, Kennedy DB, Dyer MJ (2008) BCL2 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: lack of association with the BCL2 938A>C promoter single nucleotide polymorphism. Blood 111:874–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F (2008) Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454:436–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishto M, Bonafè M, Salvioli S, Olivieri F, Franceschi C (2002) Age dependent impact of LMP polymorphisms on TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exp Gerontol 37:301–308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monti D, Salvioli S, Capri M, Malorni W, Straface E, Cossarizza A, Botti B, Piacentini M, Baggio G, Barbi C, Valensin S, Bonafè M, Franceschi C (2000) Decreased susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy elderly and centenarians. Mech Ageing Dev 121:239–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nückel H, Frey UH, Bau M, Sellmann L, Stanelle J, Dürig J, Jöckel KH, Dührsen U, Siffert W (2007) Association of a novel regulatory polymorphism (−938C>A) in the BCL2 gene promoter with disease progression and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 109:290–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ørsted DD, Bojesen SE, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG (2007) Tumor suppressor p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism and longevity, cancer survival, and risk of cancer in the general population. J Exp Med 204:1295–1301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pietsch EC, Humbey O, Murphy ME (2006) Polymorphisms in the p53 pathway. Oncogene 25:1602–1611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T, Kuss I, Dworacki G, Gooding W, Johnson JT, Whiteside TL (1999) Spontaneous ex vivo apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 5:1263–1273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvioli S, Capri M, Scarcella E, Mangherini S, Faranca I, Volterra V, De Ronchi D, Marini M, Bonafè M, Franceschi C, Monti D (2003) Age-dependent changes in the susceptibility to apoptosis of peripheral blood CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes with virgin or memory phenotype. Mech Ageing Dev 124:409–418

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena A, Moshynska O, Sankaran K, Viswanathan S, Sheridan DP (2002) Association of a novel single nucleotide polymorphism, G(−248)A, in the 5′-UTR of BAX gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with disease progression and treatment resistance. Cancer Lett 187:199–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindowski K, Leutner S, Müller WE, Eckert A (2000) Age-related changes of apoptotic cell death in human lymphocytes. Neurobiol Aging 21:661–670

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz A, Bayer J, Déchamps N, Thomas G (2003) Intrinsic susceptibility to radiation-induced apoptosis of human lymphocyte subpopulations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57:769–778

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz A, Bayer J, Dechamps N, Goldin L, Thomas G (2007) Heritability of susceptibility to ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis of human lymphocyte subpopulations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68:1169–1177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley K, Rollinson S, Allan JM, Smith AG, Law GR, Roddam PL, Skibola CF, Smith MT, Morgan GJ (2003) Functional FAS promoter polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 63:4327–4330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoog T, van’t Hooft FM, Kallin B, Jovinge S, Boquist S, Nilsson J, Eriksson P, Hamsten A (1999) A common functional polymorphism (C->A substitution at position −863) in the promoter region of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene associated with reduced circulating levels of TNF-alpha. Hum Mol Genet 8:1443–1449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spinola M, Meyer P, Kammerer S, Falvella FS, Boettger MB, Hoyal CR, Pignatiello C, Fischer R, Roth RB, Pastorino U, Haeussinger K, Nelson MR, Dierkesmann R, Dragani TA, Braun A (2006) Association of the PDCD5 locus with lung cancer risk and prognosis in smokers. J Clin Oncol 24:1672–1678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey SN, Manolescu A, Sulem P, Thorlacius S, Gudjonsson SA, Jonsson GF, Jakobsdottir M, Bergthorsson JT, Gudmundsson J, Aben KK, Strobbe LJ, Swinkels DW, van Engelenburg KC, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Millastre E, Andres R, Saez B, Lambea J, Godino J, Polo E, Tres A, Picelli S, Rantala J, Margolin S, Jonsson T, Sigurdsson H, Jonsdottir T, Hrafnkelsson J, Johannsson J, Sveinsson T, Myrdal G, Grimsson HN, Sveinsdottir SG, Alexiusdottir K, Saemundsdottir J, Sigurdsson A, Kostic J, Gudmundsson L, Kristjansson K, Masson G, Fackenthal JD, Adebamowo C, Ogundiran T, Olopade OI, Haiman CA, Lindblom A, Mayordomo JI, Kiemeney LA, Gulcher JR, Rafnar T, Thorsteinsdottir U, Johannsson OT, Kong A, Stefansson K (2008) Common variants on chromosome 5p12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Nat Genet 40:703–706

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starczynski J, Pepper C, Pratt G, Hooper L, Thomas A, Milligan D, Bentley P, Fegan C (2005) Common polymorphism G(−248)A in the promoter region of the bax gene results in significantly shorter survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia once treatment is initiated. J Clin Oncol 23:1514–1521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuber F, Udalova IA, Book M, Drutskaya LN, Kuprash DV, Turetskaya RL, Schade FU, Nedospasov SA (1995–1996) −308 tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polymorphism is not associated with survival in severe sepsis and is unrelated to lipopolysaccharide inducibility of the human TNF promoter. J Inflamm 46:42–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun T, Zhou Y, Li H, Han X, Shi Y, Wang L, Miao X, Tan W, Zhao D, Zhang X, Guo Y, Lin D (2005) FASL −844C polymorphism is associated with increased activation-induced T cell death and risk of cervical cancer. J Exp Med 202:967–974

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun T, Gao Y, Tan W, Ma S, Shi Y, Yao J, Guo Y, Yang M, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zeng C, Lin D (2007) A six-nucleotide insertion-deletion polymorphism in the CASP8 promoter is associated with susceptibility to multiple cancers. Nat Genet 39:605–613

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas M, Kalita A, Labrecque S, Pim D, Banks L, Matlashewski G (1999) Two polymorphic variants of wild-type p53 differ biochemically and biologically. Mol Cell Biol 19:1092–1100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uglialoro AM, Turbay D, Pesavento PA, Delgado JC, McKenzie FE, Gribben JG, Hartl D, Yunis EJ, Goldfeld AE (1998) Identification of three new single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene promoter. Tissue Antigens 52:359–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Heemst D, Mooijaart SP, Beekman M, Schreuder J, de Craen AJ, Brandt BW, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RG (2005) Long Life study group. Variation in the human TP53 gene affects old age survival and cancer mortality. Exp Gerontol 40:11–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vousden KH, Lane DP (2007) p53 in health and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8:275–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang LE, Cheng L, Spitz MR, Wei Q (2003) Fas A670G polymorphism, apoptotic capacity in lymphocyte cultures, and risk of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 42:1–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AG, Symons JA, McDowell TL, McDevitt HO, Duff GW (1997) Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:3195–3199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Zhao H, Amos CI, Shete S, Makan N, Hong WK, Kadlubar FF, Spitz MR (2002) p53 Genotypes and haplotypes associated with lung cancer susceptibility and ethnicity. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:681–690

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Metz C, Xu X, Abe R, Gibson AW, Edberg JC, Cooke J, Xie F, Cooper GS, Kimberly RP (2003) A novel polymorphic CAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta element in the FasL gene promoter alters Fas ligand expression: a candidate background gene in African American systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Immunol 170:132–138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu T, Zhu Y, Wei QK, Yuan Y, Zhou F, Ge YY, Yang JR, Su H, Zhuang SM (2008) A functional polymorphism in the miR-146a gene is associated with the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 29:2126–2131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang B, Sun T, Xue L, Han X, Zhang B, Lu N, Shi Y, Tan W, Zhou Y, Zhao D, Zhang X, Guo Y, Lin D (2007) Functional polymorphisms in FAS and FASL contribute to increased apoptosis of tumor infiltration lymphocytes and risk of breast cancer. Carcinogenesis 28:1067–1073

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Spitz MR, Tomlinson GE, Zhang H, Minna JD, Wu X (2001) Gamma-radiation-induced G2 delay, apoptosis, and p53 response as potential susceptibility markers for lung cancer. Cancer Res 61:7819–7824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by INTAS (grant 05-1000008-7870), Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 07-04-91000, 08-04-00369, 08-04-90105), and the Russian Academy of Sciences (grant “Molecular and Cell Biology”). I cordially thank Prof. Peter Devilee (Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands) for the fruitful discussion, and Dr. Ekatherina Kuligina and Ms. Nathalia Mitiushkina for their assistance in the preparation of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N. N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, 197758, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Evgeny N. Imyanitov

Authors
  1. Evgeny N. Imyanitov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Evgeny N. Imyanitov.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Imyanitov, E.N. Gene polymorphisms, apoptotic capacity and cancer risk. Hum Genet 125, 239–246 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0636-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0636-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation