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Parasite communities of two three-spined stickleback populations in subarctic Norway—effects of a small spatial-scale host introduction

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Abstract

Co-introduction and colonization of parasites with the introduction of new host species into aquatic habitats may depend on the host specificity and dispersal capabilities of the parasites. We compared the metazoan parasite community of an introduced three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) population with that of the nearby source population in subarctic Norway. As expected from a small spatial scale (5 km), the parasite component communities in the two lakes were highly similar. All identifiable allogenic parasite taxa (Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Diphyllobothrium ditremum, Diphyllobothrium spp., Schistocephalus solidus, Apatemon sp. and Diplostomum spp.) were also observed in both lakes while inter-lake differences were driven by autogenic parasite taxa (Eubothrium spp., Crepidostomum spp., Nematoda spp., Proteocephalus sp. and Gyrodactylus arcuatus). Contrary to expectation, the total number of parasite taxa was higher in the introduced stickleback population (12) compared to that found in the source population (9) with three parasite taxa (Eubothrium spp., Crepidostomum spp., Nematoda spp.) only occurring in the introduced population. These parasites were uncommon however and normally restricted to salmonids. Sticklebacks from both populations were heavily infected, particularly with eye-infecting metacercariae. Sequences from the DNA barcode region of cytochrome oxidase 1 indicated that these include Diplostomum lineage 6, a member of the Diplostomum baeri complex and a member of the Strigeinae. Despite high similarity between the two component communities, quantitative inter-lake differences were found at the infracommunity level. At this scale, parasite intensity was significantly higher in the source population for the two autogenic stickleback specialists: G. arcuatus and Proteocephalus sp., assumed to be the autogenic stickleback specialist Proteocephalus filicollis. Parasite infracommunities within each lake also resembled each other significantly more than infracommunities between lakes, primarily driven by the allogenic cestode D. ditremum, as well as G. arcuatus and Proteocephalus sp. Overall, quantitative dissimilarities between the two parasite communities were possibly explained by inter-lake differences in the density of sticklebacks and intermediate hosts.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks go to Professor Daniel McLaughlin at the Department of Biology, Concordia University, Canada for inviting the first author for a scientific stay which aided in the completion of this manuscript. Also, thanks go to UiT The Arctic University of Norway and the Norwegian Research Council for the financial support (NFR 213610/F20). Molecular work performed in connection to this study was supported by funding from NSERC and from the government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute in support of the international Barcode of Life project and by the Canadian federal government’s GRDI initiative.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway

    Jesper A. Kuhn, Roar Kristoffersen, Rune Knudsen, Jonas Jakobsen, Raul Primicerio & Per-Arne Amundsen

  2. Aquatic Biodiversity Section, Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, 105 McGill, 7th Floor, Montreal, Quebec, H2Y 2E7, Canada

    David J. Marcogliese & Sean A. Locke

  3. Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Sean A. Locke

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  1. Jesper A. Kuhn
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Correspondence to Jesper A. Kuhn.

Appendix

Appendix

Photographs of selected parasites infecting three-spined sticklebacks in the present study. a Nematoda sp. found in the body cavity. b Diphyllobothrium spp. found in the body cavity and liver. c Cyathocephalus truncatus found in the intestine. d Schistocephalus solidus found in the body cavity. e Apatemon sp. found in the viscous humour of the eye. f Proteocephalus sp. found in the intestine. g Gyrodactylus arcuatus found on the skin and fins. h Diplostomum lineage 6 found in the viscous humour of the eye. i Strigeinae gen. sp. found in the viscous humour of the eye. Pictures are not to scale

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Kuhn, J.A., Kristoffersen, R., Knudsen, R. et al. Parasite communities of two three-spined stickleback populations in subarctic Norway—effects of a small spatial-scale host introduction. Parasitol Res 114, 1327–1339 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4309-2

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