Abstract
Malaria is the world’s leading killer among the infectious diseases. The treatment of malaria is mystified by the challenges of widespread resistance of the malaria parasites to cheap and affordable antimalarial drugs. The present study was made in an attempt to identify the in vitro antiplasmodial activity against mangrove plant parts. (Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera cylindrica, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora mucronata mangrove plant extracts exhibited in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum). Of the selected mangrove plant parts, the bark extract of A. marina exhibited minimum concentration of inhibitory activities IC50 49.63 μg.ml−1. The leaf extract of A. marina, the hypocotyl extract of B. cylindrica, the leaf extract of E. agallocha, the flower extract of R. mucronata, and the hypocotyl extract of R. apiculata showed IC50 values between 50 and 100 μg.ml−1. Statistical analysis reveals that significant antiplasmodial activity (P < 0.05) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes was also carried out, and it shows that there were no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the ethanolic extract of mangrove plants after 48 h of incubation. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity might be due to the presence of alkaloids, carboxylic acids, coumarins, saponins, flavonoids, xanthoproteins, tannins, phenols, sugars, resins, steroids, and proteins in the ethanolic extracts of mangrove plants. It is concluded from the present study that the ethanolic extracts of mangrove plant parts of A. marina possess lead compounds for the development of antiplasmodial drugs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agoramoorthy G, Chen FA, Venkatesalu V, Kuo DH, Shea PC (2008) Evaluation of antioxidant polyphenols from selected mangrove plants of India. Asian J Chem 20(2):1311–1322
Azas N, Laurencin N, Delmas F, Di Giorgio C, Gasquet M, Laget M, Timon David P (2002) Synergistic in vitro antimalarial activity of plant extracts used as traditional herbal remedies in Mali. Parasitol Res 88(2):165–171
Bandaranayake WM (2002) Bioactivities, bioactive compounds and chemical constituents of mangrove plants. Wetlands Ecol and Manag 10:421–452
Basak UC, Das AB, Das P (1996) Chlorophylls, carotenoids, proteins and secondary metabolites in leaves of 14 species of mangroves. Bull Mar Sci 58:654–659
Bhattacharya S, Virani S, Zavro M, Hass GJ (2003) Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and other oral Streptococci by Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) constituents. Econ Bot 57:118–125
Chenniappan K, Kadarkarai M (2010) In vitro antimalarial activity of traditioanlly used Western Ghats plants from India and their interactions chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res 107:1351–1364
Chung IM, Kim MY, Moon HI (2008) Antiplasmodial activity of sesquiterpene lactone from Carpesium rosulatum in mice. Parasitol Res 103:341–344
Cowan MM (1999) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:564–582
Dianne J, Jeanne M, Margarette S, Oren S, Aggrey J, Piet A, Altaf A, Bernard L, Feiko O (2003) Treatment history and treatment dose are important determinants of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine efficacy in children with uncomplicated malaria in Western Kenya. J Infect Dis 187:467–476
Gansane A, Sanon S, Ouattara LP, Traore A, Hutter S, Ollivier E, Azas N, Traore AS, Guissou IP, Sirima SB, Nebie I (2010) Antiplasmodial activity and toxicity of crude extracts from alternatives parts of plants widely used for the treatment of malaria in Burkina Faso: contribution for their preservation. Parasitol Res 106:335–340
Keawpradub N, Kirby GC, Steele JCP, Houghton PJ (1999) Antiplasmodial activity of extracts and alkaloids of three Alstonia species from Thailand. Planta Med 65:690–694
Kepam W (1986) Qualitative organic analysis (Spectrochemical techniques). Ed. II. McGraw Hill, London, pp 40–58
Lee SJ, Park WH, Moon HI (2009) Bioassay-guided isolation of antiplasmodial anacardic acids derivatives from the whole plants of Viola websteri Hemsl. Parasitol Res 104:463–466
Manilal A, Sujith S, Seghal Kiran G, Selvin J, Shakir C (2009) Biopotentials of mangroves collected from the southwest coast of India. Glo J Biotechnol Biochem 4(1):59–65
Moon HI (2007) Antiplasmodial activity of ineupatorolides A from Carpesium rosulatum. Parasitol Res 100:1147–1149
Moore GE, Gerner RE, Frankin HA (1967) Culture of normal human leukocytes. J Am Med Assoc 199:519–524
Murakami A, Ohigashi H, Koshimizu K (1994) Possible anti-tumor promoting properties of traditional Thai foods and some of their active constituents. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 3:185–191
Otoguro K, Ishiyama A, Kobayashi M, Sekiguchi H, Izuhara T, Sunazuka T, Tomoda H, Yamada H, Omura S (2004) In vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of a carbohydrate antibiotic, prumycin, against drug-resistant strains of Plasmodia. J Antibiot 57(6):400–402
Ouattara Y, Sanon S, Traore Y, Mahiou V, Azas N, Sawadogo L (2006) Antimalarial activity of Swartzia madagascariensis desv. (leguminosae), combretum glutinosum guill. and perr. (combretaceae) and Tinospora bakis miers. (menispermaceae), Burkina Faso medicinal plants. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 3(1):75–81
Raja M, Ravikumar S, Gnanadesigan M, Vijayakumar V (2010) In vitro antibacterial activity of diterpene and benzoxazole derivatives from Excoecaria agallocha L. Int J Biol Chem Sci 4(3):692–701
Ramazani A, Sardari S, Zakeri S, Vaziri B (2010) In vitro antiplasmodial and phytochemical study of five Artemisia species from Iran and in vivo activity of two species. Parasitol Res 107:593–599
Rasoanaivo P, Ratsimamanga Urverg S, Ramanitrhasimbola D, Rafatro H, Rakoto Ratsimamanga A (1992) Criblage d’extraits de plantes de Madagascar pour recherche d’activite antipaludique et d’effet potentialisateur de la chloroquine. J Ethnopharmacol 64:117–126
Ravikumar S, Ramanathan G, Subhakaran M, Jacob Inbaneson S (2009) Antimicrobial compounds from marine halophytes for silkworm disease treatment. Int J Med Sci 1(5):184–191
Ravikumar S, Gnanadesigan M, Suganthi P, Ramalakshmi A (2010a) Antibacterial potential of chosen mangrove plants against isolated urinary tract infectious bacterial pathogens. Int J Med Sci 2(3):94–99
Ravikumar S, Gnanadesigan M, Sesh Serebiah J, Jacob Inbaneson S (2010b) Hepatoprotective effect of an Indian salt marsh herb Suaeda monoica Forsk. Ex. Gmel against concanavalin-A induced toxicity in rats. Life Sci Med Res Art5-LSMR:1–9
Ravikumar S, Ramanathan G, Jacob Inbaneson S, Ramu A (2010c) Antiplasmodial activity of two marine polyherbal preparaations from Cheatomorpha antennina and Aegiceras corniculatum against Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2041-5
Ravikumar S, Jacob Inbaneson S, Suganthi P, Gnanadesigan M (2010d) In vitro antiplasmodial activity of ethanolic extracts of mangrove plants from South East coast of India against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2128-z
Sanon S, Azas N, Gasquet M, Ollivier E, Mahiou V, Barro N, Cuzin Ouattara N, Traore AS, Esposito BG, Timon David P (2003) Antiplasmodial activity of alkaloid extracts from Pavetta crassipes (K. Schum) and Acanthospermum hispidum (DC), two plants used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. Parasitol Res 90:314–317
Scalbert A (1991) Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochem 30:3875–3883
Sherman PW, Billing J (1999) Darwinian gastronomy: why we use spices. Biosci 49:453–463
Sofowora A (1982) Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 251
Son IH, Chung IM, Lee SJ, Moon HI (2007) Antiplasmodial activity of novel stilbene derivatives isolated from Parthenocissus tricuspidata from South Korea. Parasitol Res 101:237–241
Trager W (1987) The cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum: applications in basic and applied research in malaria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 81:511–529
Vitoria M, Granich R, Gilks CF, Gunneberg C, Hosseini M, Were W, Raviglione M, De Cock KM (2009) The global fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: current status and future perspectives. Am J Clin Pathol 131:844–848
Waako PJ, Katuura E, Smith P, Folb P (2007) East African medicinal plants as a source of lead compounds for the development of new antimalarial drugs. Afr J Ecol 45(1):102–106
WHO (1996a) World malaria situation in 1993. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 3:17–22
WHO (1996b) World malaria situation in 1993. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 4:25–29
WHO (1996c) World malaria situation in 1993. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 5:37–39
WHO (1996d) World malaria situation in 1993. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 6:41–48
WHO (1999) The World Health Report. Rolling back malaria, Making a difference, pp 49–61
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the authorities of Alagappa University for providing required facilities, and also to the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi for the financial assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ravikumar, S., Jacob Inbaneson, S., Suganthi, P. et al. Mangrove plants as a source of lead compounds for the development of new antiplasmodial drugs from South East coast of India. Parasitol Res 108, 1405–1410 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2184-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2184-4