Abstract
Introduction
The fecal volatolome, which is composed of fecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs), seems to hold potential as non-invasive biomarker for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its precursor lesions advanced adenomas (AA). The potential of the fecal volatolome has been subject of various studies using either chemical analytical or pattern-recognition techniques. The available literature on the potential of the fecal volatolome as CRC and AA biomarker was reviewed.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and ResearchGate using the following keywords: Colorectal Cancer, Advanced Adenoma, Volatile Organic Compound, Metabolome, Gas Chromatrography–Mass Spectrometry, Selected-Ion Flow-Tube Mass Spectrometry, eNose, and Fecal Biomarkers.
Results
Eighty-eight titles or abstracts were identified from the search, of which 11 papers describing the potential of the fecal volatolome for CRC detection were selected. In these studies, different techniques were used for the headspace analyses of fecal VOCs, limiting the possibility to compare outcomes. Increased levels of amino acids and short chain fatty acids, and decreased levels of bile acids and polyol alcohols in the gas phase of feces were observed repeatedly. All selected papers reported high diagnostic value for the detection of both CRC and AA based on fecal VOCs.
Conclusion
Based on the included studies, fecal VOC analyses seem promising for future screening of CRC and AA, with potentially improved test performances allowing for earlier detection of AA and CRC and consequently earlier initiation of treatment, possibly reducing morbidity and mortality rates next to lower rates of (unnecessary) colonoscopies.
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Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Advanced adenoma
- AUC:
-
Area under the curve
- CRC:
-
Colorectal cancer
- eNose:
-
Electronic Nose
- FIT:
-
Fecal immunochemical testing
- FOBT:
-
Fecal occult blood test
- GC:
-
Gas chromatography
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- GC–MSD:
-
Gas chromatography–mass selective detector
- GC–SCD:
-
Gas chromatography–sulfur chemiluminescence detector
- GC–TCD:
-
Gas chromatography–thermal conductivity detector
- HC:
-
Healthy control
- SCFA:
-
Short chain fatty acid
- SIFT-MS:
-
Selected ion flow tube linked to mass spectrometry
- VOCs:
-
Volatile organic compounds
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There was no funding required for the performance of this study.
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S. Bosch declares that she has no conflict of interest. D. J. Berkhout declares that he has no conflict of interest. I. Ben Larbi declares that she has no conflict of interest. Tim G. de Meij served in the advisory board of Danone. Nanne K. de Boer has served as a speaker for AbbVie and MDS. He has served as consultant and principal investigator for TEVA Pharma BV and Takeda. He has received a (unrestricted) grant from Dr. Falk and Takeda.
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Novelty and impact: This systematic review provides an overview of studies on the diagnostic accuracy of volatile organic compounds as novel noninvasive biomarkers for the detection of colorectal carcinoma and its precursor lesions (advanced adenomas).
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Bosch, S., Berkhout, D.J., Ben Larbi, I. et al. Fecal volatile organic compounds for early detection of colorectal cancer: where are we now?. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 145, 223–234 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-018-2821-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-018-2821-3