Abstract
Open incision and drainage (I&D) and wound packing is accepted as the standard treatment for soft tissue abscesses. However, conventional I&D has a number of problems in practice which prompt us to improve the I&D methods that would minimize the pain associated with packing during dressing changes. In order to compare the pain associated with dressing changes in the conventional I&D group to the vacuum system group and the treatment time of both groups, we performed a randomized trial in pediatric patients between 0 and 18 years of age who are undergoing abscess drainage in the operating room from April 2011 to April 2015. Patients treated with open I&D (n = 648) were compared to those treated with placement of high-vacuum wound drainage system (n = 776) through the abscess cavities. Both groups received equivalent antibiotic treatment, and all patients were followed up in the outpatient clinics until the infection has been resolved. The mean FACES scale pain scores were significantly higher in the open I&D group than in the vacuum system group. The vacuum system group had a shorter length of stay and less need for community doctor or outpatient dressing changes than the open I&D group (p < 0.001). No recurrent abscesses were observed in the vacuum system group, and 10 patients in the open I&D group required another drainage at the exact same location.
Conclusion: High-vacuum wound drainage system was an efficient and safe alternative to the traditional I&D for community-acquired soft tissue abscesses with few complications in short term.
What is Known: • Open incision and drainage (I&D) followed by irrigation and wound packing is the standard treatment for soft tissue abscesses. • The painful daily packing may cause emotional trauma to the child and lead to an unwelcoming challenge to the caretakers and health care providers. |
What is New: • We modified the method of I&D by adding primary suturing of the wound and placement of a high-vacuum wound drainage system. • This technique was proved to be an efficient and safe alternative to the traditional I&D method for soft tissue abscesses with small complications in short term. |
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CHCMU:
-
Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
- CT:
-
Computed tomography
- EMRs:
-
Electronic medical records
- HIS:
-
Hospital information systems
- I&D:
-
Open incision and drainage
- LOS:
-
Length of stay
- NPWT:
-
Negative pressure wound therapy
- MRI:
-
Magnetic resonance imaging
References
Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ (1997) Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience. Ann Plast Surg 38(6):563–576 discussion 577
Asl AN, Erfanparast L, Sohrabi A, Ghertasi OS, Naghili A (2012) The impact of virtual reality distraction on pain and anxiety during dental treatment in 4-6 year-old children: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 6(4):117–124
Elston DM (2007) Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol 56(1):1–16 quiz 17-20
Faden H, Rose R, Lesse A, Hollands C, Dryja D, Glick PL (2007) Clinical and molecular characteristics of staphylococcal skin abscesses in children. J Pediatr 151(6):700–703
Fay MF (1987) Drainage systems. Their role in wound healing. AORN J 46(3):442–455
Fitch MT, Manthey DE, McGinnis HD, Nicks BA, Pariyadath M (2007) Videos in clinical medicine. Abscess incision and drainage. N Engl J Med 357(19):e20
Geng W, Yang Y, Wang C, Deng L, Zheng Y, Shen X (2010) Skin and soft tissue infections caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among children in China. Acta Paediatr 99(4):575–580
Gorwitz RJ (2008) A review of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27(1):1–7
Health Quality Ontario (2006) Negative pressure wound therapy: an evidence-based analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 6(14):1–38
Hockenberry MJWD, Winkelstein ML (2005) Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale. Wong’s essentials of pediatric nursing, ed. 7. St. Louis. p 1259
Jandali S, Ugrinich M, Chang B (2010) Looped penrose drain for minimally invasive treatment of complex superficial abscesses of the hand: innovations in technique. Hand (N Y) 5(3):338–340
Llera JL, Levy RC (1985) Treatment of cutaneous abscess: a double-blind clinical study. Ann Emerg Med 14(1):15–19
McNamara WF, Hartin CW Jr, Escobar MA, Yamout SZ, Lau ST, Lee YH (2011) An alternative to open incision and drainage for community-acquired soft tissue abscesses in children. J Pediatr Surg 46(3):502–506
Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ et al (2006) Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 355(7):666–674
Orgill DP, Manders EK, Sumpio BE et al (2009) The mechanisms of action of vacuum assisted closure: more to learn. Surgery 146(1):40–51
Rispoli DM, Horne BR, Kryzak TJ, Richardson MW (2010) Description of a technique for vacuum-assisted deep drains in the management of cavitary defects and deep infections in devastating military and civilian trauma. J Trauma 68(5):1247–1252
Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF et al (2005) Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis 41(10):1373–1406
Tuncer S, Karaca S (2011) Muscle transposition and circumferential vacuum-assisted closure to salvage the knee joint in transtibial amputation of the leg: case report. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 10(2):93–95
Wu D, Wang Q, Yang Y et al (2010) Epidemiology and molecular characteristics of community-associated methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from skin/soft tissue infections in a children’s hospital in Beijing, China. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 67(1):1–8
Yao D, FY Y, Qin ZQ et al (2010) Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). BMC Infect Dis 10:133
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Author Chao Yang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Chang-chun Li declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Jun Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Xiang-ru Kong declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Zhenzhen Zhao declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Xiao-bin Deng declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Liang Peng declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Shan Wang declares that he has no conflict of interest. All authors have no financial relationship with the organization that sponsored the research.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from the medical guardian, and assent was obtained from children over 7 years of age.
Funding
National Clinical Key Subject Construction Project([2013]544)
Additional information
Communicated by Jaan Toelen
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, C., Wang, S., Li, Cc. et al. A high-vacuum wound drainage system reduces pain and length of treatment for pediatric soft tissue abscesses. Eur J Pediatr 176, 261–267 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-016-2835-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-016-2835-2