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Stem cells and lineages of the intestine: a developmental and evolutionary perspective

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Abstract

The intestine consists of epithelial cells that secrete digestive enzymes and mucus (gland cells), absorb food particles (enterocytes), and produce hormones (endocrine cells). Intestinal cells are rapidly turned over and need to be replaced. In cnidarians, mitosis of differentiated intestinal cells accounts for much of the replacement; in addition, migratory, multipotent stem cells (interstitial cells) contribute to the production of intestinal cells. In other phyla, intestinal cell replacement is solely the function of stem cells entering the gut from the outside (such as in case of the neoblasts of platyhelminths) or intestinal stem cells located within the midgut epithelium (as in both vertebrates or arthropods). We will attempt in the following to review important aspects of midgut stem cells in different animal groups: where are they located, what types of lineages do they produce, and how do they develop. We will start out with a comparative survey of midgut cell types found across the animal kingdom; then briefly look at the specification of these cells during embryonic development; and finally focus on the stem cells that regenerate midgut cells during adult life. In a number of model systems, including mouse, zebrafish and Drosophila, the molecular pathways controlling intestinal stem cells proliferation and the specification of intestinal cell types are under intensive investigation. We will highlight findings of the recent literature, focusing on aspects that are shared between the different models and that point at evolutionary ancient mechanisms of intestinal cell formation.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Grant NIH/1 R01 GM087373 to Volker Hartenstein. DAG gratefully acknowledges funding from an NIH Training Grant in Genomic Analysis and Interpretation T32HG002536 and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Shigeo Takashima & Volker Hartenstein

  2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    David Gold

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  1. Shigeo Takashima
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  2. David Gold
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  3. Volker Hartenstein
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Correspondence to Volker Hartenstein.

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Communicated by: Ralf Sommer

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Takashima, S., Gold, D. & Hartenstein, V. Stem cells and lineages of the intestine: a developmental and evolutionary perspective. Dev Genes Evol 223, 85–102 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00427-012-0422-8

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