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Chitooligosaccharide sensing and downstream signaling: contrasted outcomes in pathogenic and beneficial plant–microbe interactions

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Abstract

In plants, short chitin oligosaccharides and chitosan fragments (collectively referred to as chitooligosaccharides) are well-known elicitors that trigger defense gene expression, synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, and cell wall strengthening. Recent findings have shed new light on chitin-sensing mechanisms and downstream activation of intracellular signaling networks that mediate plant defense responses. Interestingly, chitin receptors possess several lysin motif domains that are also found in several legume Nod factor receptors. Nod factors are chitin-related molecules produced by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to induce root nodulation. The fact that chitin and Nod factor receptors share structural similarity suggests an evolutionary conserved relationship between mechanisms enabling recognition of both deleterious and beneficial microorganisms. Here, we will present an update on molecular events involved in chitooligosaccharide sensing and downstream signaling pathways in plants and will discuss how structurally related signals may lead to such contrasted outcomes during plant–microbe interactions.

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Abbreviations

CBP:

Calcium-binding protein

CCaMK:

Calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

COS:

Chitooligosaccharide

CRG:

Chitin-responsive gene

DP:

Degree of polymerization

EPS:

Exopolysaccharide

ETI:

Effector-triggered immunity

HR:

Hypersensitive response

IT:

Infection thread

KO:

Knockout

LRR-RLK:

Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LysM:

Lysin motif

LysM RLK or LYK:

LysM domain-containing receptor-like kinase

MAMP:

Microbial-associated molecular pattern

MTI:

MAMP-triggered immunity

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

NF:

Nod factor

PR:

Pathogenesis-related protein

PGN:

Peptidoglycan

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TF:

Transcription factor

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Acknowledgments

L.-P. Hamel is the recipient of a postdoctoral fellowship from Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies (FQRNT). We apologize to our colleagues whose works could not be cited here due to space limitation.

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    Louis-Philippe Hamel & Nathalie Beaudoin

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Hamel, LP., Beaudoin, N. Chitooligosaccharide sensing and downstream signaling: contrasted outcomes in pathogenic and beneficial plant–microbe interactions. Planta 232, 787–806 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1215-9

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