Abstract
Purpose
The study aimed to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that significantly influenced the level of improvement of two kinds of training responses, including maximal O2 uptake (VʹO2max) and knee peak torque of healthy adults participating in the high intensity training (HIT) program. The study also aimed to use these SNPs to develop prediction models for individual training responses.
Methods
79 Healthy volunteers participated in the HIT program. A genome-wide association study, based on 2,391,739 SNPs, was performed to identify SNPs that were significantly associated with gains in VʹO2max and knee peak torque, following 9 weeks of the HIT program. To predict two training responses, two independent SNPs sets were determined using linear regression and iterative binary logistic regression analysis. False discovery rate analysis and permutation tests were performed to avoid false-positive findings.
Results
To predict gains in VʹO2max, 7 SNPs were identified. These SNPs accounted for 26.0 % of the variance in the increment of VʹO2max, and discriminated the subjects into three subgroups, non-responders, medium responders, and high responders, with prediction accuracy of 86.1 %. For the knee peak torque, 6 SNPs were identified, and accounted for 27.5 % of the variance in the increment of knee peak torque. The prediction accuracy discriminating the subjects into the three subgroups was estimated as 77.2 %.
Conclusions
Novel SNPs found in this study could explain, and predict inter-individual variability in gains of VʹO2max, and knee peak torque. Furthermore, with these genetic markers, a methodology suggested in this study provides a sound approach for the personalized training program.
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Abbreviations
- AIC:
-
Akaike information criterion
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CIs:
-
Confidence intervals
- DAVID:
-
The database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery
- DBP:
-
Diastolic blood pressure
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECG:
-
Electrocardiogram
- FDR:
-
False discovery rate
- GO:
-
Gene ontology
- GPS:
-
Genetic predisposition scores
- GWAS:
-
Genome-wide association study
- HDL:
-
High density lipoprotein
- HERITAGE:
-
Health risk factors, exercise training and genetics
- HIT:
-
High intensity training
- HOMA:
-
Homeostatic model assessment
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- HWE:
-
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium
- LOOCV:
-
Leave-one-out cross-validation
- MAF:
-
Minor allele frequency
- QTL:
-
Quantitative trait locus
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- SBP:
-
Systolic blood pressure
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- SNP:
-
Single nucleotide polymorphism
- VʹCO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide output
- VʹO2 :
-
Oxygen uptake
- VʹO2max:
-
Maximal O2 uptake
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Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by DAEWOONG Pharmaceutical Co. LTD., and designed by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University Hospital, and the Bio-Age Medical Research Institute, Bio-Age Inc. All the data were analyzed and interpreted by all the authors.
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Communicated by David C. Poole.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02241850.
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Yoo, J., Kim, BH., Kim, SH. et al. Genetic polymorphisms to predict gains in maximal O2 uptake and knee peak torque after a high intensity training program in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 116, 947–957 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3353-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3353-7