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Measurement of human energy expenditure, with particular reference to field studies: an historical perspective

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Abstract

Over the years, techniques for the study of human movement have ranged in complexity and precision from direct observation of the subject through activity diaries, questionnaires, and recordings of body movement, to the measurement of physiological responses, studies of metabolism and indirect and direct calorimetry. This article reviews developments in each of these domains. Particular reference is made to their impact upon the continuing search for valid field estimates of activity patterns and energy expenditures, as required by the applied physiologist, ergonomist, sports scientist, nutritionist and epidemiologist. Early observers sought to improve productivity in demanding employment. Direct observation and filming of workers were supplemented by monitoring of heart rates, ventilation and oxygen consumption. Such methods still find application in ergonomics and sport, but many investigators are now interested in relationships between habitual physical activity and chronic disease. Even sophisticated questionnaires still do not provide valid information on the absolute energy expenditures associated with good health. Emphasis has thus shifted to use of sophisticated pedometer/accelerometers, sometimes combining their output with GPS and other data. Some modern pedometer/accelerometers perform well in the laboratory, but show substantial systematic errors relative to laboratory reference criteria such as the metabolism of doubly labeled water when assessing the varied activities of daily life. The challenge remains to develop activity monitors that are sufficiently inexpensive for field use, yet meet required accuracy standards. Possibly, measurements of oxygen consumption by portable respirometers may soon satisfy part of this need, although a need for valid longer term monitoring will remain.

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Notes

  1. Web-sites providing photographs of investigators and apparatus are listed in the "Appendix".

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Roy J. Shephard

  2. Exercise Sciences Research Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan

    Yukitoshi Aoyagi

  3. PO Box 521, Brackendale, BC, V0N 1H0, Canada

    Roy J. Shephard

Authors
  1. Roy J. Shephard
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  2. Yukitoshi Aoyagi
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Correspondence to Roy J. Shephard.

Additional information

Communicated by Nigel A. S. Taylor.

Appendix

Appendix

Web-linkages offering photographs of key investigators and pieces of equipment (all accessed 12 October, 2011).

Key investigators

Wilbur Atwater: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater

Sir Joseph Barcroft: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223512/view

Leonardo da Vinci: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci

Eugene DuBois: http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/edubois.pdf

Frank Bunker Gilbreth: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth,_Sr.

John Scott Haldane: http://www.rsc.org/…/HaldanesBloodGasAnalyser.asp

Felix Hoppe-Seyler: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler

James Joule: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule

William Kannel: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/health/23kannel.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss

August Krogh: http://www.nobelprize.org/…/1920/krogh-bio.html

Antoine Lavoisier: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier

Johannes Lindhard: A-L Perrelet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham-Louis_Perrelet

Brian Lloyd: www.brookes.ac.uk/alumni_card/lloyd-memorial-service-nov-13.pdf

Graham Lusk: http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/aboutus/asbmb_history/past_presidents/1910s/1914Lusk.html

Jeremy Morris: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/medicine-obituaries/6488393/Professor-Jeremy-Morris.html

Ralph Paffenbarger: http://www.epidemiologic.org/2007/09/obituary-of-epidemiology-legend-ralph-s.html

Max von Pettenkofer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Joseph_von_Pettenkofer

Victor Regnault: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault

Max Rubner: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Rubner

Edward Smith: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Smith_(physician)

Nathan Zuntz: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123747402

Equipment

CosMed oxygen consumption monitor: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtMPEPIk5Mw

Douglas bag: http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/media/douglasbag.jpg

Holter monitor: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holter_monitor

Ice-calorimeter: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry

Odometer (Vitrivius): http://en.history-of-physics.com/antike/griechenland_hodometer.htm

Pedometer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedometer

Pulse monitor: http://www.cosycommunications.com/Digitalpulsemonitorcatalogue.htm

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Shephard, R.J., Aoyagi, Y. Measurement of human energy expenditure, with particular reference to field studies: an historical perspective. Eur J Appl Physiol 112, 2785–2815 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2268-6

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