Abstract
Arginase-II (Arg-II) reciprocally regulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and offsets basal myocardial contractility. Furthermore, decreased or absent myocardial NOS activity is associated with a depression in myocardial contractile reserve. We therefore hypothesized that upregulation of Arg-II might in part be responsible for depressed myocardial contractility associated with age. We studied arginase activity/expression, NOS expression, NO production in the presence and absence of the arginase inhibitor S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine (BEC) in old (22 months) and young (3 months) rat hearts and myocytes. The spatial confinement of Arg-II and NOS was determined with immuno-electron-miocrographic (IEM) and immuno-histochemical studies. We tested the effect of BEC on the force frequency response (FFR) in myocytes, as well as NOS abundance and activity. Arginase activity and Arg-II expression was increased in old hearts (2.27 ± 0.542 vs. 0.439 ± 0.058 nmol urea/mg protein, p = 0.02). This was associated with a decrease in NO production, which was restored with BEC (4.54 ± 0.582 vs. 12.88 ± 0.432 μmol/mg, p < 0.01). IEM illustrates increased mitochondrial density in old myocytes (51.7 ± 1.8 vs. 69 ± 2.2 × 106/cm2, p < 0.01), potentially contributing to increased Arg-II abundance and activity. Immunohistochemistry revealed an organized pattern of mitochondria and Arg-II that appears disrupted in old myocytes. The FFR was significantly depressed in old myocytes (61.42 ± 16.04 vs. −5.15 ± 5.65%), while inhibition of Arg-II restored the FFR (−5.15 ± 5.65 vs. 70.98 ± 6.10%). NOS-2 is upregulated sixfold in old hearts contributing to increased production of reactive oxygen species which is attenuated with NOS-2 inhibition by 1400 W (4,735 ± 427 vs. 4,014 ± 314 RFU/min/mg protein, p = 0.005). Arg-II upregulation in aging rat hearts contributes to age-related decreased contractile function.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank all members of the Shoukas-Berkowitz lab for their support and assistance in this project. This work was supported by grant R01AG021523 from the NIH, grant CA01301 from the National Space Biomedical Research Institute through NASA, and NNH04ZUU005N from NASA.
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None of the authors has any conflict of interest to report.
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Communicated by Keith Phillip George.
M. Khan and J. Steppan contributed equally to the manuscript.
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Khan, M., Steppan, J., Schuleri, K. et al. Upregulation of arginase-II contributes to decreased age-related myocardial contractile reserve. Eur J Appl Physiol 112, 2933–2941 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2257-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2257-9