References
Terada T, Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Tsuura M, Komai N, Wilson CB, Hieshima GB (1994) Development of acquired arteriovenous fistulas in rats due to venous hypertension. J Neurosurg 80(5):884–889. doi:10.3171/jns.1994.80.5.0884
Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, Landman JA, Tindall SC, Tindall GT (1985) Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. J Neurosurg 62(2):248–256. doi:10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0248
Shintani S, Tsuruoka S, Shiigai T (2000) Carotid-cavernous fistula with brainstem congestion mimicking tumor on MRI. Neurology 55(12):1929–1931
Bussiere M, Lownie SP, Pelz DM, Nicolle D (2009) Direct carotid-cavernous fistula causing brainstem venous congestion. J Neuroophthalmol 29(1):21–25. doi:10.1097/WNO.0b013e31818
Lee RJ, Chen CF, Hsu SW, Lui CC, Kuo YL (2008) Cerebellar hemorrhage and subsequent venous infarction followed by incomplete transvenous embolization of dural carotid cavernous fistulas: a rare complication: case report. J Neurosurg 108(6):1245–1248. doi:10.3171/JNS/2008/108/6/1245
Murata H, Kubota T, Murai M, Kanno H, Fujii S, Yamamoto I (2003) Brainstem congestion caused by direct carotid-cavernous fistula–case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 43(5):255–258
Iwasaki M, Murakami K, Tomita T, Numagami Y, Nishijima M (2006) Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula complicated by pontine venous congestion. A case report. Surg Neurol 65(5):516–518. doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2005.06.044 (discussion 519)
Solheim O, Skeidsvoll T (2005) Transient global amnesia may be caused by cerebral vein thrombosis. Med Hypotheses 65(6):1142–1149. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.05.042
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. Youhei Satoh and Dr. Kikurou Ohno of Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, for their assistance and cooperation.
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ito, Y., Sanjo, N., Ishikawa, K. et al. Brainstem congestion due to carotid-cavernous fistula via a shunt from the external carotid artery. J Neurol 258, 2288–2290 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-011-6102-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-011-6102-1