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A cascade of magmatic events during the assembly and eruption of a super-sized magma body

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Abstract

We use comprehensive geochemical and petrological records from whole-rock samples, crystals, matrix glasses and melt inclusions to derive an integrated picture of the generation, accumulation and evacuation of 530 km3 of crystal-poor rhyolite in the 25.4 ka Oruanui supereruption (New Zealand). New data from plagioclase, orthopyroxene, amphibole, quartz, Fe–Ti oxides, matrix glasses, and plagioclase- and quartz-hosted melt inclusions, in samples spanning different phases of the eruption, are integrated with existing data to build a history of the magma system prior to and during eruption. A thermally and compositionally zoned, parental crystal-rich (mush) body was developed during two periods of intensive crystallisation, 70 and 10–15 kyr before the eruption. The mush top was quartz-bearing and as shallow as ~3.5 km deep, and the roots quartz-free and extending to >10 km depth. Less than 600 year prior to the eruption, extraction of large volumes of ~840 °C low-silica rhyolite melt with some crystal cargo (between 1 and 10%), began from this mush to form a melt-dominant (eruptible) body that eventually extended from 3.5 to 6 km depth. Crystals from all levels of the mush were entrained into the eruptible magma, as seen in mineral zonation and amphibole model pressures. Rapid translation of crystals from the mush to the eruptible magma is reflected in textural and compositional diversity in crystal cores and melt inclusion compositions, versus uniformity in the outermost rims. Prior to eruption the assembled eruptible magma body was not thermally or compositionally zoned and at temperatures of ~790 °C, reflecting rapid cooling from the ~840 °C low-silica rhyolite feedstock magma. A subordinate but significant volume (3–5 km3) of contrasting tholeiitic and calc-alkaline mafic material was co-erupted with the dominant rhyolite. These mafic clasts host crystals with compositions which demonstrate that there was some limited pre-eruptive physical interaction of mafic magmas with the mush and melt-dominant body. However, the mafic magmas do not appear to have triggered the eruption or controlled magmatic temperatures in the erupted rhyolite. Integration of textural and compositional data from all available crystal types, across all dominant and subordinate magmatic components, allow the history of the Oruanui magma body to be reconstructed over a wide range of temporal scales using multiple techniques. This history spans the tens of millennia required to grow the parental magma system (U–Th disequilibrium dating in zircon), through the centuries and decades required to assemble the eruptible magma body (textural and diffusion modelling in orthopyroxene), to the months, days, hours and minutes over which individual phases of the eruption occurred, identified through field observations tied to diffusion modelling in magnetite, olivine, quartz and feldspar. Tectonic processes, rather than any inherent characteristics of the magmatic system, were a principal factor acting to drive the rapid accumulation of magma and control its release episodically during the eruption. This work highlights the richness of information that can be gained by integrating multiple lines of petrologic evidence into a holistic timeline of field-verifiable processes.

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Modified from Wilson and Charlier (2009)

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Marsden Fund administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand (Grant VUW0813 to CJNW), a Bright Futures Top Achiever Doctoral Scholarship (for ASRA) administered by the Tertiary Education Commission of New Zealand, and Victoria University scholarships for SJB (PhD) and SMR (MSc). CJNW also acknowledges award of a James Cook Fellowship, administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand. We thank John Gamble, Jim Cole and Steve Blake for illuminating comments and discussions, and an anonymous reviewer, Michelle Coombs and, especially, Laura Waters for their comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand

    Aidan. S. R. Allan, Simon J. Barker, Marc-Alban Millet, Shane M. Rooyakkers, C. Ian Schipper & Colin J. N. Wilson

  2. School of Environment, University of Auckland, PB92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Simon J. Barker

  3. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK

    Marc-Alban Millet

  4. School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    Daniel J. Morgan

  5. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E8, Canada

    Shane M. Rooyakkers

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  1. Aidan. S. R. Allan
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Correspondence to Colin J. N. Wilson.

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Communicated by Gordon Moore.

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Allan, A.S.R., Barker, S.J., Millet, MA. et al. A cascade of magmatic events during the assembly and eruption of a super-sized magma body. Contrib Mineral Petrol 172, 49 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1367-8

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