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Eye movement deficits in schizophrenia

Investigation of a genetically homogenous Icelandic sample

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Abstract

Background

Deficits in antisaccade (AS) and smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are promising endophenotypes in genetic studies of schizophrenia. The Icelandic population lends itself ideally to genetic studies due to its ethnic homogeneity and well-documented genealogy. The primary aim of this study was to assess AS and SPEM performance in a large Icelandic sample. Additional aims were to investigate the relationship between AS and SPEM task performance and to assess internal consistency, within-session performance changes and effects of SPEM target velocity on performance.

Method

Patients with schizophrenia (N = 118) and healthy controls (N = 109) matched for age and gender underwent infrared oculographic assessment of AS and SPEM (at target velocities of 12°, 24° and 36°/s).

Results

On the AS task patients displayed significantly more reflexive errors, longer latency, increased intra-individual latency variability, and reduced amplitude gain compared to controls. On the SPEM task, patients had significantly lower velocity gain and more frequent saccades during pursuit at all velocities, but group differences in velocity gain increased with increasing target velocity. Internal consistency of performance was high for all variables in both groups (Cronbach’s alpha >0.77 for AS and >0.85 for SPEM) except for AS spatial error in patients (alpha = 0.38). A moderate association was found between AS and SPEM performance. By and large, patients and controls showed similar patterns of systematic within-session performance changes.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm the existence of robust eye movement deficits in schizophrenia in a large sample. These measures may be studied as endophenotypes in future studies of potential schizophrenia risk genotypes in the genetically homogenous Icelandic population.

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Acknowledgments

The study was supported by a grant from the Icelandic Research Fund (RANNIS). Ulrich Ettinger is supported by an ESRC/MRC Fellowship. We would like to thank Dr S.B. Hutton (s.hutton@sussex.ac.uk) for writing the SPEM analysis software.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Landspitali-University Hospital, Hringbraut, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland

    H. Magnus Haraldsson, Brynja B. Magnusdottir, Thordur Sigmundsson, Engilbert Sigurdsson & Hannes Petursson

  2. Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK

    Ulrich Ettinger & Brynja B. Magnusdottir

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  1. H. Magnus Haraldsson
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Correspondence to H. Magnus Haraldsson.

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Haraldsson, H.M., Ettinger, U., Magnusdottir, B.B. et al. Eye movement deficits in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosc 258, 373–383 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-008-0806-y

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