Abstract
Vertigo patients frequently complain of emotional and associated cognitive problems, yet currently, there is no satisfactory questionnaire to measure these associated problems. In the present paper, we propose a new internet-based Neuropsychological Vertigo Inventory (NVI; French) that evaluates attention, memory, emotion, space perception, time perception, vision, and motor abilities. The questionnaire was created using four steps: (1) open interviews with patients suffering from vertigo; (2) semi-structured interviews with an analysis grid to quantify and define the various cognitive and emotional problems reported by the patients; (3) a first version of an internet questionnaire tested on 108 vertigo participants; and (4) the selection of subscale items using principal component analyses (PCA). From the development phase, the revised NVI was composed of seven subscales, each with four items (28 items). In the validation phase, Cronbach’s alphas were performed on the revised NVI for total and each subscale score, and to test extreme groups validity, the analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) taking into account age were performed between 108 vertigo and 104 non-vertigo participants. The Cronbach’s alphas showed good to satisfactory coefficients for the total and for all subscale scores, demonstrating acceptable reliability. The extreme groups validity analyses (ANCOVAs) were reliable for the total scale and for four subscales. Supplementary analyses showed no effect of hearing difficulties and an inverse age effect for attention and emotion subscales, with reduced problems with increased age in the vertigo participants. The NVI provides a useful new questionnaire to determine cognitive and emotional neuropsychological complaints that are associated with vertigo.
References
Bisdorff A, Bosser G, Gueguen R, Perrin P (2013) The epidemiology of vertigo, dizziness, and unsteadiness and its links to co-morbidities. Front Neurol 4:29. doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00029
Drachman DA, Hart CW (1972) An approach to the dizzy patient. Neurology 22:323–334. doi:10.1212/WNL.22.4.323
Baloh RW (1998) Vertigo. Lancet 352:1841–1846. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05430-0
Perrin P, Vibert D, Van Nechel C (2011) Étiologie des vertiges. EMC oto-rhino-laryngologie. Elsevier, Paris, pp 1–21
Bisdorff AR, Staab JP, Newman-Toker DE (2015) Overview of the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders. Neurol Clin 33:541–550. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2015.04.010
Bense S, Stephan T (2001) Multisensory cortical signal increases and decreases during vestibular galvanic stimulation (fMRI). J Neurophysiol 85:886–899
Helmchen C, Ye Z, Sprenger A, Münte TF (2013) Changes in resting-state fMRI in vestibular neuritis. Brain Struct Funct. doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0608-5
Besnard S, Lopez C, Brandt T et al (2015) Editorial: the vestibular system in cognitive and memory processes in mammalians. Front Integr Neurosci. doi:10.3389/fnint.2015.00055
Orji F (2014) The influence of psychological factors in Meniere’s disease. Ann Med Health Sci Res 4:3–7. doi:10.4103/2141-9248.126601
Bremond G, Vidal A, Bertoni R (1970) Psychopathologic factors in Meniere’s disease. Sem Hop 46(Suppl):73–79
House JW, Crary WG, Wexler M (1980) The inter-relationship of vertigo and stress. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 13:625–629
Kirby SE, Yardley L (2009) Cognitions associated with anxiety in Ménière’s disease. J Psychosom Res 66:111–118. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.05.027
Monzani D, Casolari L, Guidetti G, Rigatelli M (2001) Psychological distress and disability in patients with vertigo. J Psychosom Res 50:319–323. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00208-2
Grimm RJ, Hemenway WG, Lebray PR, Black FO (1989) The perilymph fistula syndrome defined in mild head trauma. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 464:1–40. doi:10.3109/00016488909138632
Yardley L, Owen N, Nazareth I, Luxon L (1998) Prevalence and presentation of dizziness in a general practice community sample of working age people. Br J Gen Pract 48:1131–1135
Wiltink J, Tschan R, Michal M et al (2009) Dizziness: anxiety, health care utilization and health behavior—results from a representative German community survey. J Psychosom Res 66:417–424. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.012
Furman JM, Redfern MS, Jacob RG (2006) Vestibulo-ocular function in anxiety disorders. J Vestib Res 16:209–215
Hanes Da, McCollum G (2006) Cognitive-vestibular interactions: a review of patient difficulties and possible mechanisms. J Vestib Res 16:75–91
Savastano M, Maron MB, Mangialaio M et al (1996) Illness behaviour, personality traits, anxiety, and depression in patients with Meniere’s disease. J Otolaryngol 25:329–333
Godemann F, Linden M, Neu P et al (2004) A prospective study on the course of anxiety after vestibular neuronitis. J Psychosom Res 56:351–354. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00079-5
Hong SM, Lee H-J, Lee B et al (2013) Influence of vestibular disease on psychological distress: a multicenter study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 148:810–814. doi:10.1177/0194599813476476
Péruch P, Borel L, Gaunet F et al (1999) Spatial performance of unilateral vestibular defective patients in nonvisual versus visual navigation. J Vestib Res 9:37–47
Cohen HS, Kimball KT (2000) Development of the vestibular disorders activities of daily living scale. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:881–887
Schautzer F, Hamilton D, Kalla R et al (2003) Spatial memory deficits in patients with chronic bilateral vestibular failure. Ann New York Acad Sci 1004:316–324
Brandt T, Schautzer F, Hamilton Da et al (2005) Vestibular loss causes hippocampal atrophy and impaired spatial memory in humans. Brain 128:2732–2741. doi:10.1093/brain/awh617
Hüfner K, Hamilton D, Kalla R (2007) Spatial memory and hippocampal volume in humans with unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Hippocampus 17:471–485. doi:10.1002/hipo
Ferrè ER, Longo MR, Fiori F, Haggard P (2013) Vestibular modulation of spatial perception. Front Hum Neurosci 7:660. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00660
Deroualle D, Borel L, Devèze A, Lopez C (2015) Changing perspective: the role of vestibular signals. Neuropsychologia 79:175–185. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.022
Jacobson GP, Newman CW (1990) The development of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:424–427. doi:10.1001/archotol.1990.01870040046011
Duracinsky M, Mosnier I, Bouccara D et al (2007) Literature review of questionnaires assessing vertigo and dizziness, and their impact on patients’ quality of life. Value Heal 10:273–284. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00182.x
Asmundson G, Stein M, Desmond I (1999) A factor analytic study of the dizziness handicap inventory: does it assess phobic avoidance in vestibular referrals? J Vestib Res 9:63–68
Bradley C (1994) Handbook of psychology and diabetes: a guide to psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice. Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur
Powell LE, Myers AM (1995) The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50A:M28–M34
Black FO, Angel CR, Pesznecker SC, Gianna C (2000) Outcome analysis of individualized vestibular rehabilitation protocols. Am J Otol 21:543–551
Hazlett RL, Tusa RJ, Waranch HR (1996) Development of an inventory for dizziness and related factors. J Behav Med 19:73–85. doi:10.1007/BF01858175
Megnigbeto CA, Sauvage JP, Launois R (2001) The European Evaluation of Vertigo (EEV) scale: a clinical validation study. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 122:95–102
Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L (1990) Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol 45:P239–P243
Ware JEJ, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30:473–483
Murphy MP, Gates GA (1999) Measuring the effects of Meniere’s disease: results of the Patient-Oriented Severity Index (MD POSI) version 1. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 108:331–337
Gates GA (2000) Clinimetrics of Meniere’s disease. Laryngoscope 110:8–11. doi:10.1097/00005537-200003002-00003
Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ (1996) Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77:1025–1029. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90063-5
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW (2001) The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 16:606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Morris AE, Lutman ME, Yardley L (2008) Measuring outcome from vestibular rehabilitation, Part I: qualitative development of a new self-report measure. Int J Audiol 47:169–177. doi:10.1080/14992020701843129
Jacob RG, Lilienfeld SO, Furman JMR et al (1989) Panic disorder with vestibular dysfunction: further clinical observations and description of space and motion phobic stimuli. J Anxiety Disord 3:117–130. doi:10.1016/0887-6185(89)90006-6
Honrubia V, Bell TS, Harris MR et al (1996) Quantitative evaluation of dizziness characteristics and impact on quality of life. Am J Otol 17:595–602
Alghwiri AA, Whitney SL, Baker CE et al (2012) The development and validation of the vestibular activities and participation measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 93:1822–1831. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.03.017
Prieto L, Santed R, Cobo E, Alonso J (1999) A new measure for assessing the health-related quality of life of patients with vertigo, dizziness or imbalance: the VDI questionnaire. Qual Life Res 8:131–139. doi:10.1023/A:1026433113262
Yardley L, Putman J (1992) Quantitative analysis of factors contributing to handicap and distress in vertiginous patients: a questionnaire study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 17:231–236
Yardley L, Masson E, Verschuur C et al (1992) Symptoms, anxiety and handicap in dizzy patients: development of the Vertigo symptom scale. J Psychosom Res 36:731–741. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(92)90131-K
Cohen HS, Kimball KT, Adams AS (2000) Application of the vestibular disorders activities of daily living scale. Laryngoscope 110:1204–1209. doi:10.1097/00005537-200007000-00026
Morris AE, Lutman ME, Yardley L (2009) Measuring outcome from vestibular rehabilitation, part II: refinement and validation of a new self-report measure. Int J Audiol 48:24–37. doi:10.1080/14992020802314905
Ihaka R, Gentleman R (1996) A language for data analysis and graphics. J Comput Graph Stat 5:299–314
R Core Development Team (2004) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna
Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Richardson JTE (2011) Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educ Res Rev 6(2):135–147
Koo J-W, Chang MY, Woo S et al (2015) Prevalence of vestibular dysfunction and associated factors in South Korea. BMJ Open 5:e008224. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008224
Agrawal Y, Ward BK, Minor LB (2013) Vestibular dysfunction: prevalence, impact and need for targeted treatment. J Vestib Res 23:113–117. doi:10.3233/VES-130498.Vestibular
Dye MWG, Hauser PC (2014) Sustained attention, selective attention and cognitive control in deaf and hearing children. Hear Res 309:94–102. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2013.12.001
Sladen DP, Tharpe AM, Ashmead DH et al (2005) Visual attention in deaf and normal hearing adults: effects of stimulus compatibility. J Speech Lang Hear Res 48:1529–1537. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/106)
Bavelier D, Dye MWG, Hauser PC (2006) Do deaf individuals see better? Trends Cogn Sci 10:512–518. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.09.006
Lynn M (1986) Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res 35:382–385
Smith PF, Zheng Y (2013) From ear to uncertainty: vestibular contributions to cognitive function. Front Integr Neurosci 7:84. doi:10.3389/fnint.2013.00084
Peruch P, Borel L, Magnan J, Lacour M (2005) Direction and distance deficits in path integration after unilateral vestibular loss depend on task complexity. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 25:862–872. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.012
Borel L, Redon-Zouiteni C, Cauvin P et al (2014) Unilateral vestibular loss impairs external space representation. PLoS One 9:1–10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088576
Borel L, Lopez C, Péruch P, Lacour M (2008) Vestibular syndrome: a change in internal spatial representation. Neurophysiol Clin 38:375–389. doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2008.09.002
Cohen HS, Kimball KT (2002) Improvements in path integration after vestibular rehabilitation. J Vestib Res 12:47–51
Agrawal Y, Carey JP, Della Santina CC et al (2009) Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2004. Arch Intern Med 169:938–944
Gassmann KG, Rupprecht R (2009) Dizziness in an older community dwelling population: a multifactorial syndrome. JNHA J Nutr Heal Aging 13:278–282. doi:10.1007/s12603-009-0073-2
Jonsson R, Sixt E, Landahl S, Rosenhall U (2004) Prevalence of dizziness and vertigo in an urban elderly population. J Vestib Res 14:47–52
Salthouse TA (2009) When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiol Aging 30:507–514. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023
Rönnlund M, Nyberg L, Bäckman L, Nilsson L-G (2005) stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. Psychol Aging 20:3–18. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.3
Brockmole JR, Logie RH (2013) Age-related change in visual working memory: a study of 55,753 participants aged 8–75. Front Psychol 4:1–5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00012
Lee H, Baniqued PL, Cosman J et al (2012) Examining cognitive function across the lifespan using a mobile application. Comput Hum Behav 28:1934–1946. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.013
Blazer D (2003) Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol Med Sci 58A:249–265. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.3.M249
Yardley L, Redfern MS (2001) Psychological factors influencing recovery from balance disorders. J Anxiety Disord 15:107–119
Seligman M, Johnston J (1973) A cognitive theory of avoidance learning. In: McGuigan F, Lumsden D (eds) Contemp. approaches to Cond. Learn. Washington (DC), pp 69–110
Saber Tehrani AS, Coughlan D, Hsieh YH et al (2013) Rising annual costs of dizziness presentations to US Emergency Departments. Acad Emerg Med 20:689–696. doi:10.1111/acem.12168
Redfern MS, Talkowski ME, Jennings JR, Furman JM (2004) Cognitive influences in postural control of patients with unilateral vestibular loss. Gait Posture 19:105–114. doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(03)00032-8
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the Saint-Luc hospital Foundation. The authors would like to specially thank Cédric Taverne for his helpful comments regarding the data analyses, the members of the E.N.T department and the Centre d’audiophonologie of Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc for their comments and feedback on the questionnaire development, and for all of the participants of the study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
This study was funded by the Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc Foundation (no grant number).
Conflict of interest
All the authors have no competing interests to report.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards (Clinical-Trial-Number NCT02533739).
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lacroix, E., Deggouj, N., Salvaggio, S. et al. The development of a new questionnaire for cognitive complaints in vertigo: the Neuropsychological Vertigo Inventory (NVI). Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 273, 4241–4249 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-4135-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-016-4135-x