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Vitamin A concentration in human milk and its relationship with liver reserve formation and compliance with the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in pre-term and term infants in exclusive breastfeeding

  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Published:
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate vitamin A concentration in mature breast milk of nursing mothers aiming to meet the daily needs and the formation of liver reserve in pre-term (PT) and term infants (T) in comparison with the recommended intake for this nutrient in this group.

Methods

We analyzed the retinol concentration in the milk of 120 nursing mothers (40 of PT infants and 80 of T infants) by collecting 10 mL of mature breast milk, held by a hand spray of one of the breasts 2 h after the last feeding in the morning. The cutoff points adopted for identification of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and the liver reserve were <1.05 and >2.3 μmol/L, respectively.

Results

The concentrations of retinol in the human milk of T infants were superior to concentrations in the milk of PT infants (1.87 + 0.81 > 1.38 + 0.67 μmol/L, p < 0.0001). They were higher in T compared to PT (352.64 + 152.72 > 217.65 + 105.65 μg, p < 0.0001), but both were below the recommendation. VAD was 20.0 % (T) and 27.5 % (PT). Only 40.0 % (T) and 22.5 % (PT) of the mothers had retinol concentrations in milk above 2.3 mmol/L.

Conclusion

The milk of the nursing mothers studied did not have enough retinol to meet the daily needs and to form liver reserve in both groups, especially in PT newborns. This finding reinforces the idea that supplementation with massive doses of vitamin A in the immediate postpartum period can be used as a protective device of the infant against VAD.

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Conflict of interest

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Gisele Souza & Cristiane Chagas

  2. Micronutrient Research Group, Josué de Castro Institute of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (NPqM, INJC/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Gisele Souza, Andréa Matos & Cristiane Chagas

  3. UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Manoela Dolinsky

  4. UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Manoela Dolinsky

  5. Medicine School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Andréa Matos

  6. National School of Public Health (ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Andréa Ramalho

  7. Social Applied Nutrition Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Andréa Ramalho

  8. Center for Research on Micronutrients (NPqM, INJC/UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Andréa Ramalho

  9. Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, Bloco J, Subsolo, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micronutrientes (NPqM), 21.941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

    Cristiane Chagas

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  1. Gisele Souza
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  2. Manoela Dolinsky
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  3. Andréa Matos
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  4. Cristiane Chagas
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Correspondence to Cristiane Chagas.

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Souza, G., Dolinsky, M., Matos, A. et al. Vitamin A concentration in human milk and its relationship with liver reserve formation and compliance with the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in pre-term and term infants in exclusive breastfeeding. Arch Gynecol Obstet 291, 319–325 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3404-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3404-4

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