Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pathogenic T helper 1 cells reach the brain before T helper 17 cells, and T regulatory cells suppress them albeit incompletely

  • Commentary Letter
  • Published:
Acta Neuropathologica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Axtell RC, de Jong BA, Boniface K et al (2010) T helper type 1 and 17 cells determine efficacy of IFN-β in multiple sclerosis and experimental encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 16:406–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Axtell RC, Raman C, Steinman L (2011) Interferon-β exacerbates Th17-mediated inflammatory disease. Trends Immunol 32(6):272–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W et al (2006) Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 441:235–238. doi:10.1038/nature04753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Billiau A, Heremans H, Vandekerckhove F et al (1988) Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice by antibodies against IFN-gamma. J Immunol 140:1506–1510

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Black WJ, Munoz JJ, Peacock MG et al (1988) ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of pertussis toxin: immunomodulation by Bordetella Pertussis. Science 240:656–659

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chabas D, Ness J, Belman A et al (2010) Younger children with MS have a distinct CSF inflammatory profile at disease onset. Neurology 74(5):399–405. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ce5db0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cua DJ et al (2003) Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature 421:744–748

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Feldmann M, Steinman L (2005) Design of effective immunotherapy for human autoimmunity. Nature 435:612–619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ferber IA, Brocke S, Taylor-Edwards C et al (1996) Mice with a disrupted interferon-γ gene are susceptible to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Immunol 156:5–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ishizu T, Osoegawa M, Mei FJ et al (2005) Intrathecal activation of the IL-17/IL-8 axis in opticospinal multiple sclerosis. Brain 128:988–1002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Klein J, Nagy Z (1982) Trouble in the J-land. Nature 300:12–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Korn T, Reddy J, Gao W et al (2007) Myelin-specific regulatory T cells accumulate in the CNS but fail to control autoimmune inflammation. Nat Med 13(4):423–431. doi:nm156410.1038/nm1564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lock C, Hermans G, Pedotti R et al (2002) Gene microarray analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions yields new targets validated in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 8:500–508

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lowther DE, Chong DL, Ascough S et al (2013) Th1 not Th17 cells drive spontaneous MS-like disease despite a functional regulatory T cell response. Acta Neuropathol. doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1159-9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D et al (2002) A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 125(Pt 7):1450–1461

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW et al (1986) Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 136:2348–2357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Naves R, Singh SP, Cashman KS et al (2013) The interdependent, overlapping, and differential roles of type I and II IFNs in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300419

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Panitch HS, Hirsch RL, Schindler J et al (1987) Treatment of multiple sclerosis with gamma interferon: exacerbations associated with activation of the immune system. Neurology 37:1097–1102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Steinman L (2007) A brief history of TH17, the first major revision in the TH1/TH2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 13:139–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Steinman L, Merrill JT, McInnes IB et al (2012) Optimization of current and future therapy for autoimmune diseases. Nat Med 18(1):59–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tzartos JS, Friese MA, Craner MJ et al (2008) Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system-infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol 172(1):146–155. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070690

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Lawrence Steinman

Authors
  1. Lawrence Steinman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lawrence Steinman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Steinman, L. Pathogenic T helper 1 cells reach the brain before T helper 17 cells, and T regulatory cells suppress them albeit incompletely. Acta Neuropathol 126, 517–518 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1180-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-013-1180-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation