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Relationship between dietary macronutrients intake and biological aging: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the association between macronutrient intake and biological age.

Methods

Data were collected from 26,381 adults who participated in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Two biological ages were estimated using the Klemera-Doubal method (KDM) and PhenoAge algorithms. Biological age acceleration (AA) was computed as the difference between biological age and chronological age. The associations between macronutrient intakes and AA were investigated.

Results

After fully adjusting for confounding factors, negative associations were observed between AA and fiber intake (KDM-AA: β – 0.53, 95% CI – 0.62, – 0.43, P < 0.05; PhenoAge acceleration: β – 0.30, 95% CI – 0.35, – 0.25, P < 0.05). High-quality carbohydrate intake was associated with decreased AA (KDM-AA: β – 0.57, 95% CI – 0.67, – 0.47, P < 0.05; PhenoAge acceleration: β – 0.32, 95% CI – 0.37, – 0.26, P < 0.05), while low-quality carbohydrate was associated with increased AA (KDM-AA: β 0.30, 95% CI 0.21, 0.38, P < 0.05; PhenoAge acceleration: β 0.16, 95% CI 0.11, 0.21, P < 0.05). Plant protein was associated with decreased AA (KDM-AA: β – 0.39, 95% CI – 0.51, – 0.27, P < 0.05; PhenoAge acceleration: β – 0.21, 95% CI – 0.26, – 0.15, P < 0.05). Long-chain SFA intake increased AA (KDM-AA: β 0.16, 95% CI 0.08, 0.24, P < 0.05; PhenoAge acceleration: β 0.11, 95% CI 0.07, 0.15, P < 0.05). ω-3 PUFA was associated with decreased KDM-AA (β – 0.18, 95% CI – 0.27, – 0.08, P < 0.05) and PhenoAge acceleration (β – 0.09, 95% CI – 0.13, – 0.04, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that dietary fiber, high-quality carbohydrate, plant protein, and ω-3 PUFA intake may have a protective effect against AA, while low-quality carbohydrate and long-chain SFA intake may increase AA. Therefore, dietary interventions aimed at modifying macronutrient intakes may be useful in preventing or delaying age-related disease and improving overall health.

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Data availability

Detailed survey operation manuals, consent documents, and brochures from each period are available on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey website (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/about_nhanes).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the investigators and participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the parent study, who made this report possible.

Funding

The study was supported by funding from the following: Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission (No. 202103050756), Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundation (No. kq2014276), Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan (No. 2021JJ40972), National Youth Science Foundation of China (No. 81600536).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China

    Xu Zhu, Hui Xu, Qiaoling Zhou & Wenhang Chen

  2. Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, Hunan, China

    Xu Zhu

  3. Department of Scientific Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China

    Jing Xue

  4. Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, No. 172 Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China

    Rehanguli Maimaitituerxun & Wenjie Dai

  5. Department of Science and Education, The First People’s Hospital of Changde City, Changde, 415000, Hunan, China

    Quan Zhou

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Contributions

Study concept: WHC; Acquisition of data: XZ, RM; Analysis and interpretation of data: XZ, WJD; Drafting of the manuscript: WHC, JX, XZ; Study supervision: HX, QLZ, QZ; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: all declared authors; All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Wenjie Dai or Wenhang Chen.

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The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. All study participants gave informed consent in accordance with the Institutional Review Board and study ethic guidelines at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Zhu, X., Xue, J., Maimaitituerxun, R. et al. Relationship between dietary macronutrients intake and biological aging: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data. Eur J Nutr 63, 243–251 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03261-2

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