Abstract
Observations, mostly from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology (ISCCP), are used to assess clouds and radiative fluxes in the EC-Earth general circulation model, when forced by prescribed observed sea surface temperatures. An ISCCP instrument simulator is employed to consistently compare model outputs with satellite observations. The use of a satellite simulator is shown to be imperative for model evaluation. EC-Earth exhibits the largest cloud biases in the tropics. It generally underestimates the total cloud cover but overestimates the optically thick clouds, with the net result that clouds exert an overly strong cooling effect in the model. Every cloud type has its own source of bias. The magnitude of the cooling due to the shortwave cloud radiative effect (\(\mid \hbox {SWCRE}\mid\)) is underestimated for the stratiform low-clouds, because the model simulates too few of them. In contrast, \(\mid \hbox {SWCRE}\mid\) is overestimated for trade wind cumulus clouds, because in the model these are too thick. The clouds in the deep convection regions also lead to overestimate the \(\mid \hbox {SWCRE}\mid\). These clouds are generally too thick and there are too few mid and high thin clouds. These biases are consistent with the positive precipitation bias and the overly strong mass flux for deep convective plumes. Potential sources for the various cloud biases in the model are discussed.
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Notes
In the ISCCP simulator, the cloud albedo is the average over cloudy areas and thus is not a function of the cloud amount.
We have also compared the standard output updraft \(M_{c}\) in mid-troposphere from the model with the observations and the overestimation is even larger (not shown).
Mass of cloud liquid (or ice) water in the grid cell divided by the mass of moist air.
When statistically significant, the correlation coefficient between \(\gamma\)-EFC and \(\overline{\delta {C}}\) is always positive by construction. We adjust it with the sign of the correlation between spatially and seasonally averaged \(C\) and \(\gamma\), to make this relationship visible, as in Lacagnina and Selten (2013b).
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Acknowledgments
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant agreement no. 244067. The authors thank Pier Siebesma and Jelle van den Berk for the useful suggestions on the presentation. We are also grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that have helped the improvement of this paper. SRB data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center. COSP was obtained from the CFMIP website. ISCCP, MODIS and PATMOS-x data were obtained from the ClimServ Data Center of IPSL/CNRS.
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Lacagnina, C., Selten, F. Evaluation of clouds and radiative fluxes in the EC-Earth general circulation model. Clim Dyn 43, 2777–2796 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2093-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2093-9