Response of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) to interactions between Pseudomonas species and Glomus clarum NT4

Abstract

The effects of interactions between pseudomonads (Pseudomonas cepacia strains R55 and R85, P. aeruginosa strain R80, P. fluorescens strain R92, and P. putida strain R104) and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum (Nicol. and Schenck) isolate NT4, on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Laura), grown under gnotobiotic and nonsterile conditions, were investigated. Although plant growth responses varied, positive responses to pseudomonad inoculants generally were obtained under gnotobiotic conditions. Shoot dry weight enhancement ranged from 16 to 48%, whereas root enhancement ranged from 82 to 137%. Shoot growth in nonsterile soil, however, was unaffected by pseudomonad inoculants, or reduced by as much as 24%. Shoot growth was unaffected or depressed by G. clarum NT4 whereas early root growth was enhanced by 38%. Significant interactions between the pseudomonad inoculants and G. clarum NT4 were detected. Typically, dual inoculation influenced the magnitude of response associated with any organism applied alone. The effect of these pseudomonads on G. clarum NT4 spore germination was investigated. Germination was inhibited when spores were incubated either on membranes placed directly on bacterial lawns of strains R85 and R104 (i.e., direct assay), or on agarose blocks separated from the bacteria by membranes (i.e., diffusion assay). When the agarose blocks were physically separated from the pseudomonad (i.e., volatile assay), there was no evidence of inhibition, suggesting that a nonvolatile, diffusible substance(s) produced by both strains R85 and R104 may inhibit G. clarum NT4 spore germination.