Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Glucose metabolism in fish: a review

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Comparative Physiology B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Teleost fishes represent a highly diverse group consisting of more than 20,000 species living across all aquatic environments. This group has significant economical, societal and environmental impacts, yet research efforts have concentrated primarily on salmonid and cyprinid species. This review examines carbohydrate/glucose metabolism and its regulation in these model species including the role of hormones and diet. Over the past decade, molecular tools have been used to address some of the downstream components of these processes and these are incorporated to better understand the roles played by carbohydrates and their regulatory paths. Glucose metabolism remains a contentious area as many fish species are traditionally considered glucose intolerant and, therefore, one might expect that the use and storage of glucose would be considered of minor importance. However, the actual picture is not so clear since the apparent intolerance of fish to carbohydrates is not evident in herbivorous and omnivorous species and even in carnivorous species, glucose is important for specific tissues and/or for specific activities. Thus, our aim is to up-date carbohydrate metabolism in fish, placing it to the context of these new experimental tools and its relationship to dietary intake. Finally, we suggest that new research directions ultimately will lead to a better understanding of these processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AMPK:

5′ AMP-activated protein kinase

BB:

Brockmann bodies

CCK:

Cholecystokinin

G6Pase:

Glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9.)

GE neurons:

Glucose-excited neurons

GHRL:

Ghrelin

GI neurons:

Glucose-inhibited neurons

GIP:

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide

GLUT1, 2, 3, 4:

Facilitated glucose transporters

GPase:

Glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1)

GSase:

Glycogen synthase (EC 2.4.1.11.)

GK:

Glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2.)

KATP :

ATP-sensitive potassium channel

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

PK:

Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40.)

SS:

Somatostatins

References

  • Aguilar AJ, Conde-Sieira M, Polakof S, Miguez JM, Soengas JL (2010) Central leptin treatment modulates brain glucosensing function and peripheral energy metabolism of rainbow trout. Peptides 31:1044–1054

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar AJ, Conde-Sieira M, Lopez-Patiño MA, Miguez JM, Soengas JL (2011) In vitro leptin treatment of rainbow trout hypothalamus and hindbrain affects glucosensing and gene expression of neuropeptides involved in food intake regulation. Peptides 32:232–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Tameemi R, Aldubaikul A, Salman NA (2010) Comparative study of α-amylase activity in three Cyprinid species of different feeding habits from Southern Iraq. Turkish J Fish Aquat Sci 10:411–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JW (1974) Glucose metabolism in jejunal mucosa of fed, fasted, and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 226:226–229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andoh T (2007) Amino acids are more important insulinotropins than glucose in a teleost fish, barfin flounder (Verasper moseri). Gen Comp Endocrinol 151:308–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barciela P, Soengas JL, Rey P, Aldegunde M, Rozas G (1993) Carbohydrate metabolism in several tissues of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, is modified during ovarian recrudescence. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 106:943–948

    Google Scholar 

  • Barma P, Dey D, Basu D, Roy SS, Bhattacharya S (2006) Nutritionally induced insulin resistance in an Indian perch: a possible model for type 2 diabetes. Curr Sci 90:188–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton BA, Schreck CB, Barton LD (1987) Effects of chronic cortisol administration and daily acute stress on growth, physiological conditions, and stress responses in juvenile rainbow trout. Dis Aquat Org 2:173–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bean K, Nemelka K, Canchola P, Hacker S, Sturdivant RX, Rico PJ (2008) Effects of housing density on Long Evans and Fischer 344 rats. Lab Anim (NY) 37:421–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beccaria C, Diaz JP, Connes R, Chatain B (1991) Organogenesis of the exocrine pancreas in the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., reared extensively and intensively. Aquaculture 99:339–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behall K, Scholfield D, Hallfrisch J, Kelsay J, Reiser S (1984) Seasonal variation in plasma glucose and hormone levels in adult men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 40:1352–1356

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley PJ, Follett BK (1965) The effects of hormones on the carbohydrate metabolism of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. J Endocrinol 31:127–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman RN, Ader M, Finegood DT, Pacini G (1984) Extrapancreatic effect of somatostatin infusion to increase glucose clearance. Am J Physiol 247:E370–E379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bever K, Chenoweth M, Dunn A (1981) Amino acid gluconeogenesis and glucose turnover in kelp bass (Paralabrax sp.). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 240:R246–R252

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff A, Michel MC (1998) Neuropeptide Y lowers blood glucose in anaesthetized rats via a Y5 receptor subtype. Endocrinology 139:3018–3021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blasco J, Fernández-Borrás J, Marimon I, Requena A (1996) Plasma glucose kinetics and tissue uptake in brown trout in vivo: effect of an intravascular glucose load. J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 165:534–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blasco J, Marimon I, Viaplana I, Fernández-Borrás J (2001) Fate of plasma glucose in tissues of brown trout in vivo: effects of fasting and glucose loading. Fish Physiol Biochem 24:247–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borrebaek B, Christophersen B (2000) Hepatic glucose phosphorylating activities in perch (Perca fluviatilis) after differential dietary treatments. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 125:387–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouraoui L, Capilla E, Gutierrez J, Navarro I (2010) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I signaling pathways in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during adipogenesis and their implication in glucose uptake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299:R33–R41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buddington RK, Hilton JW (1987) Intestinal adaptations of rainbow trout to changes in dietary carbohydrate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 253:G489–G496

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buddington RK, Chen JW, Diamond J (1987) Genetic and phenotypic adaptation of intestinal nutrient transport to diet in fish. J Physiol 393:261–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burcelin R (2010) The gut-brain axis: a major glucoregulatory player. Diabetes Metab 36(Suppl 3):S54–S58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caamano-Tubio RI, Perez-Maceira J, Aldegunde M (2010) Homeostasis of glucose in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum: the role of serotonin. J Exp Biol 213:1813–1821

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capilla E, Díaz M, Gutiérrez J, Planas JV (2002) Physiological regulation of the expression of a GLUT4 homolog in fish skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283:E44–E49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capilla E, Médale F, Navarro I, Panserat S, Vachot C, Kaushik S, Gutiérrez J (2003) Muscle insulin binding and plasma levels in relation to liver glucokinase activity, glucose metabolism and dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout. Regul Pept 110:123–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capilla E, Díaz M, Albalat A, Navarro I, Pessin JE, Keller K, Planas JV (2004a) Functional characterization of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) from fish adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287:E348–E357

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capilla E, Médale F, Panserat S, Vachot C, Rema P, Gomes E, Kaushik S, Navarro I, Gutiérrez J (2004b) Response of hexokinase enzymes and the insulin system to dietary carbohydrates in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Reprod Nutr Dev 44:233–242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carneiro NM, Amaral AD (1983) Effects of insulin and glucagon on plasma glucose levels and glycogen content in organs of the freshwater teleost Pimelodus maculatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 49:115–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caruso MA, Sheridan MA (2011) New insights into the signaling system and function of insulin in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 173:227–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caseras A, Metón I, Fernández F, Baanante IV (2000) Glucokinase gene expression is nutritionally regulated in liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Biochim Biophys Acta 1493:135–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caseras A, Metón I, Vives C, Egea M, Fernández F, Baanante IV (2002) Nutritional regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression in liver of the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Br J Nutr 88:607–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo J, Codina M, Martínez ML, Navarro I, Gutiérrez J (2004) Metabolic and mitogenic effects of IGF-I and insulin on muscle cells of rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286:R935–R941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo J, Crespo D, Capilla E, Diaz M, Chauvigne F, Cerda J, Planas JV (2009) Evolutionary structural and functional conservation of an ortholog of the GLUT2 glucose transporter gene (SLC2A2) in zebrafish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R1570–R1581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerdá-Reverter JM, Sorbera LA, Carrillo M, Zanuy S (1999) Energetic dependence of NPY-induced LH secretion in a teleost fish (Dicentrarchus labrax). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 277:1627–1634

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan AS, Horn MH, Dickson KA, Gawlicka A (2004) Digestive enzyme activities in carnivores and herbivores: comparisons among four closely related prickleback fishes (Teleostei: Stichaeidae) from a California rocky intertidal habitat. J Fish Biol 65:848–858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavin W, Young JE (1970) Factors in the determination of normal serum glucose levels of goldfish, Carassius auratus L. Comp Biochem Physiol 33:629–653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X-Q, Dong J, Niu C-Y, Fan J-M, Du J-Z (2007) Effects of hypoxia on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and modulation by corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 in the rat. Endocrinology 148:3271–3278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi IY, Seaquist ER, Gruetter R (2003) Effect of hypoglycemia on brain glycogen metabolism in vivo. J Neurosci Res 72:25–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow BKC, Moon TW, Hoo RLC, Yeung CM, Müller M, Christos PJ, Mojsov S (2004) Identification and characterization of a glucagon receptor from the goldfish Carassius auratus: implications for the evolution of the ligand specificity of glucagon receptors in vertebrates. Endocrinology 145:3273–3288

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conde-Sieira M, Aguilar AJ, Lopez-Patiño MA, Miguez JM, Soengas JL (2010a) Stress alters food intake and glucosensing response in hypothalamus, hindbrain, liver, and Brockmann bodies of rainbow trout. Physiol Behav 101:483–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conde-Sieira M, Agulleiro MJ, Aguilar AJ, Miguez JM, Cerda-Reverter JM, Soengas JL (2010b) Effect of different glycaemic conditions on gene expression of neuropeptides involved in control of food intake in rainbow trout; interaction with stress. J Exp Biol 213:3858–3865

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connors TJ, Schneider MJ, Genoway RG, Barraclough SA (1978) Effect of acclimation temperature on plasma levels of glucose and lactate in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J Exp Zool 206:443–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooperstein SJ, Lazarow A (1969) Uptake of glucose by islet of Langerhans and other tissues of toadfish (Opsanus tau). Am J Physiol 217:1784–1788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornish IME, Moon TW (1986) The glucose and lactate kinetics of American eels, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur), under MS 222 anaesthesia. J Fish Biol 28:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Correa CF, de Aguiar LH, Lundstedt LM, Moraes G (2007) Responses of digestive enzymes of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to dietary cornstarch changes and metabolic inferences. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 147:857–862

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowey CB, Adron JW, Brown DA (1975) Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The metabolism of glucose by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and the effect of dietary energy source on protein utilization in plaice. Br J Nutr 33:219–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowey CB, De la Higuera M, Adron JW (1977a) The effect of dietary composition and of insulin on gluconeogenesis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br J Nutr 38:385–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowey CB, Knox D, Walton MJ, Adron JW (1977b) The regulation of gluconeogenesis by diet and insulin in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br J Nutr 38:463–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De la Higuera M, Cárdenas P (1986) Hormonal effects of gluconeogenesis from (U–14C) glutamate in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 85:517–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Deane EE, Woo NYS (2005) Expression studies on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in sea bream: effects of growth hormone, somatostatin, salinity and temperature. J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol 303:676–688

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeRoos R, DeRoos CC (1979) Severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias). Gen Comp Endocrinol 37:186–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeRoos R, DeRoos CC, Werner CS, Werner H (1985) Plasma levels of glucose, alanine, lactate, and b-hydroxybutyrate in the unfed spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) after surgery and following mammalian insulin infusion. Gen Comp Endocrinol 58:28–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz M, Antonescu CN, Capilla E, Klip A, Planas JV (2007a) Fish glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 differs from rat GLUT4 in its traffic characteristics but can translocate to the cell surface in response to insulin in skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 148:5248–5257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz M, Capilla E, Planas JV (2007b) Physiological regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT4) protein content in brown trout (Salmo trutta) skeletal muscle. J Exp Biol 210:2346–2351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz M, Vraskou Y, Gutiérrez J, Planas JV (2009) Expression of rainbow trout glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4 during in vitro muscle cell differentiation and regulation by insulin and IGF-I. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296:R794–R800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drai P, Albertini-Berhaut J, Lafaurie M, Sudaka P, Giudicelli J (1990) Simultaneous preparation of basolateral and brush-border membrane vesicles from sea bass intestinal epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta 1022:251–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drucker DJ (2005) Biologic actions and therapeutic potential of the proglucagon-derived peptides. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 1:22–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn JF, Hochachka PW (1986) Metabolic responses of trout (Salmo gairdneri) to acute environmental hypoxia. J Exp Biol 123:229–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrman MM, Melroe GT, Kittilson D, Sheridan MA (2000) The expression of presomatostatin II mRNAs in the Brockmann bodies of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, is regulated by glucose. Gen Comp Endocrinol 118:150–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrman MM, Melroe GT, Kittilson D, Sheridan MA (2005) Regulation of pancreatic somatostatin gene expression by insulin and glucagon. Mol Cell Endocrinol 235:31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eilertson C, Sheridan MA (1993) Differential effects of somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-25 on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Comp Endocrinol 92:62–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eilertson CD, Sheridan MA (1995) Pancreatic somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-25 release in rainbow trout is stimulated by glucose and arginine. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 269:R1017–R1023

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eilertson C, O’Connor PK, Sheridan MA (1991) Somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-25 stimulate glycogenolysis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, liver incubated in vitro: a systemic role for somatostatins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 82:192–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eilertson C, Kittilson D, Sheridan MA (1995) Effects of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin on the release of somatostatin-25 and somatostatin-14 from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, pancreatic islets in vitro. Gen Comp Endocrinol 99:211–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eilertson CD, Carneiro NM, Kittilson JD, Comley C, Sheridan MA (1996) Cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and galanin modulate the release of pancreatic somatostatin-25 and somatostatin-14 in vitro. Regul Pept 63:105–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emdin SO (1982) Effects of hagfish insulin in the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. The in vivo metabolism of 14C-glucose and 14C-leucine and studies on starvation and glucose-loading. Gen Comp Endocrinol 47:414–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enes P, Panserat S, Kaushik S, Oliva-Teles A (2006) Effect of normal and waxy maize starch on growth, food utilization and hepatic glucose metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 143:89–96

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enes P, Panserat S, Kaushik S, Oliva-Teles A (2008) Hepatic glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase responses to dietary glucose and starch in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles reared at two temperatures. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 149:80–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enes P, Panserat S, Kaushik S, Oliva-Teles A (2009) Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in fish. Fish Physiol Biochem 35:519–539

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enes P, Panserat S, Kaushik S, Oliva-Teles A (2011) Dietary carbohydrate utilization by European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Rev Fish Sci 19:201–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epple A (1969) The endocrine pancreas. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ (eds) Fish physiology, vol 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 275–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Epple A, Nibbio B, Trachtman MS (1983) Effects of exogenous somatostatin and antisomatostatin on serum parameters of the American eel. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 74:671–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkmer S, Matty AJ (1966) Blood sugar regulation in the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. Gen Comp Endocrinol 6:334–346

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkmer S, Wilson S (1967) Comparative aspects of the immunology and biology of insulin. Diabetologia 3:519–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fänge R, Lundblad G, Lind J, Slettengren K (1979) Chitinolytic enzymes in the digestive system of marine fishes. Mar Biol 53:317–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felip O, Ibarz A, Fernandez-Borras J, Beltran M, Martin-Perez M, Planas JV, Blasco J (2011) Tracing metabolic routes of dietary carbohydrate and protein in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using stable isotopes ([13C]starch and [15N]protein): effects of gelatinisation of starches and sustained swimming. Br J Nutr 2:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Field JB (1964) Factors concerned with insulin synthesis and release. Metabolism 13:407–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field JB, Lazarow A (1960) Comparison of the oxidation of C-1 and C-6 labeled glucose by islet tissue. Biol Bull 119:313–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo-Silva AC, Corraze G, Kaushik S, Peleteiro JB, Valente LM (2010) Modulation of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) intermediary metabolic pathways by dispensable amino acids. Amino Acids 39:1401–1416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo-Silva AC, Panserat S, Kaushik S, Geurden I, Polakof S (2012) High levels of dietary fat impair glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 215:169–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster GD, Moon TW (1987) Metabolism in sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) hepatocytes: the effects of insulin and glucagon. Gen Comp Endocrinol 66:102–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster GD, Moon TW (1989) Insulin and the regulation of glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis in American eel hepatocytes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 73:374–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster GD, Moon TW (1990a) The role of glycogen phosphorylase in the regulation of glycogenolysis by insulin and glucagon in isolated eel (Anguilla rostrata) hepatocytes. Fish Physiol Biochem 8:299–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster GD, Moon TW (1990b) Control of key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes by insulin and glucagon in freshly isolated hepatocytes of the marine teleost Hemitripterus americanus. J Exp Zool 254:55–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster GD, Youson JH, Moon TW (1993a) Carbohydrate metabolism in the brain of the adult lamprey. J Exp Zool 267:27–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster GD, Zhang J, Moon TW (1993b) Carbohydrate metabolism and hepatic zonation in the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa liver: effects of hormones. Fish Physiol Biochem 12:211–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frolow J, Milligan CL (2004) Hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism in white muscle slices from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287:R1344–R1353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrman FA, Crismon JM (1947) The influence of acute-hypothermia on the rate of oxygen consumption and glycogen content of the liver and the blood glucose. Am J Physiol 149:552–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuichi M, Yone Y (1981) The utilization of carbohydrate by fishes.3. Change of blood sugar and plasma insulin levels of fishes in glucose tolerance test. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 47:761–764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuichi M, Yone Y (1982a) Changes in activities of hepatic enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism of fishes in glucose and insulin-glucose tolerance tests. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 48:463–466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furuichi M, Yone Y (1982b) Effect of insulin on blood sugar levels of fishes. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 48:1289–1291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garin D, Rombaut A, Freminet A (1987) Determination of glucose turnover in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Comparative aspects of glucose utilization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 87:981–988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gasa R, Fabregat ME, Gomis R (2000) The role of glucose and its metabolism in the regulation of glucokinase expression in isolated human pancreatic islets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 268:491–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • German DP, Horn MH, Gawlicka A (2004) Digestive enzyme activities in herbivorous and carnivorous prickleback fishes (Teleostei: Stichaeidae): ontogenetic, dietary, and phylogenetic effects. Physiol Biochem Zool 77:789–804

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geurden I, Aramendi M, Zambonino-Infante J, Panserat S (2007) Early feeding of carnivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with a hyperglucidic diet during a short period: effect on dietary glucose utilization in juveniles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292:R2275–R2283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson M, Connaughton V, Arneson L (2007) Induction of hyperglycaemia in zebrafish (Danio rerio) leads to morphological changes in the retina. Acta Diabetol 44:157–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • González-Álvarez R, Ortega-Cuellar D, Hernández-Mendoza A, Moreno-Arriola E, Villasenor-Mendoza K, Gálvez-Mariscal A, Pérez-Cruz ME, Morales-Salas I, Velázquez-Arellano A (2009) The hexokinase gene family in the zebrafish: structure, expression, functional and phylogenetic analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 152:189–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodyear LJ, Hirshman MF, Knutson SM, Horton ED, Horton ES (1988) Effect of exercise training on glucose homeostasis in normal and insulin-deficient diabetic rats. J Appl Physiol 65:844–851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray IE (1928) The effect of insulin on the blood sugar of fishes. Am J Physiol 84:566–573

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray IE, Hall FG (1930) Blood sugar and activity in fishes with notes on the action of insulin. Biol Bull 58:217–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodsky GM, Batts AA, Bennett LL, Vcella C, McWilliams NB, Smith DF (1963) Effects of carbohydrates on secretion of insulin from isolated rat pancreas. Am J Physiol 205:638–644

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez J, Navarro I, Planas JV, Montserrat N, Rojas P, Castillo J, Chystiakova OV, Gabillard JC, Smith A, Chan SJ, Leibush BN, Reinecke M, Zaccone G, Kapoor BG (2006) Insulin and IGF receptors in fish. Fish endocrinology. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 131–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Hakim Y, Harpaz S, Uni Z (2009) Expression of brush border enzymes and transporters in the intestine of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) following food deprivation. Aquaculture 290:110–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JR, Richards RC, MacCormack TJ, Ewart KV, Driedzic WR (2005) Cloning of GLUT3 cDNA from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in response to hypoxia. Biochim Biophys Acta 1730:245–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JR, Short CE, Driedzic WR (2006) Sequence of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) GLUT4, GLUT2 and GPDH: developmental stage expression, tissue expression and relationship to starvation-induced changes in blood glucose. J Exp Biol 209:4490–4502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han-liang C, Yong-xing P, Xue-ping M, Si-ping S, Xiao-yun S, Zhi-guo D, Xin S (2009) Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of glucokinase full-length cDNA from Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Food Science 30:247–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon JS, Eilertson CD, Sheridan MA, Plisetskaya EM (1991) Insulin suppression is associated with hypersomatostatinemia and hyperglucagonemia in glucose-injected rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 261:R609–R613

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi S, Ooshiro Z (1985) Gluconeogenesis and energy metabolism in the isolated liver cells of the silver and yellow eel. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 51:117–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemre GI, Mommsen TP, Krogdahl Å (2002) Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: effects on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzymes. Aquac Nutr 8:175–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himick BA, Peter RE (1994) CCK/gastrin-like immunoreactivity in brain and gut, and CCK suppression of feeding in goldfish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 267:R841–R851

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoenig M, Jordan ET, Ferguson DC, de Vries F (2010) Oral glucose leads to a differential response in glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 in lean versus obese cats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 38:95–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman RM, Kronfeld DS, Cooper WL, Harris PA (2003) Glucose clearance in grazing mares is affected by diet, pregnancy, and lactation. J Anim Sci 81:1764–1771

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway AC, Keene JL, Noakes DG, Moccia RD (2004) Effects of clove oil and MS-222 on blood hormone profiles in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum. Aquac Res 35:1025–1030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hostetler K, Cooperstein SJ, Landau BR, Lazarow A (1966) Pathways of glucose metabolism in the isolated islet of the goosefish in vitro. Am J Physiol 211:1057–1062

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hrytsenko O, Pohajdak B, Xu BY, Morrison C, van Tol B, Wright JR Jr (2010) Cloning and molecular characterization of the glucose transporter 1 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 165:293–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humbel RE, Renold AE, Williams AK (1963) Studies on isolated islets of Langerhans (Brockmann bodies) of teleost fishes I. Metabolic activity in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 74:84–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hung SSO (1991) Carbohydrate utilization by white sturgeon as assessed by oral administration tests. J Nutr 121:1600–1605

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ince BW, Thorpe A (1974) Effects of insulin and of metabolite loading on blood metabolites in the European silver eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Gen Comp Endocrinol 23:460–471

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ince BW, Thorpe A (1976) The in vivo metabolism of 14C-glucose and 14C-glycine in insulin-treated northern pike (Esox lucius L.). Gen Comp Endocrinol 28:481–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ince BW, Thorpe A (1978) Insulin kinetics and distribution in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Gen Comp Endocrinol 35:1–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inui Y, Gorbman A (1977) Sensitivity of Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, to mammalian insulin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 33:423–427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iynedjian PB (2009) Molecular physiology of mammalian glucokinase. Cell Mol Life Sci 66:27–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen PJ, Gitlin JD, Carayannopoulos MO (2006) GLUT1 deficiency links nutrient availability and apoptosis during embryonic development. J Biol Chem 281:13382–13387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeuniaux C, Dandrifosse G, Micha JC (1982) Caractères et évolution des enzymes chitinolytiques chez les vertébrés infèrieurs. Biochem Syst Ecol 10:365–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson D, Nilsson G (1995) Roles of energy status, KATP channels and channel arrest in fish brain K+ gradient dissipation during anoxia. J Exp Biol 198:2575–2580

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsson E, Kaiya H, Bjornsson BT (2010) Ghrelin decreases food intake in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through the central anorexigenic corticotropin-releasing factor system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 166:39–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joy P (2002) Cloning, sequencing and expression of the tilapia glucokinase. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao YH, Youson JH, Holmes JA, Sheridan MA (2001) Effect of somatostatins and insulin on blood glucose levels of larvae and metamorphosing landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Zool Sci 18:1113–1116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katon JG, Flores YN, Salmeron J (2009) Sexual maturation and metabolic profile among adolescents and children of the Health Worker Cohort Study in Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 51:219–226

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kettelhut IC, Foss MC, Migliorini RH (1980) Glucose homeostasis in a carnivorous animal (cat) and in rats fed a high-protein diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 239:R437–R444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner S, Kaushik S, Panserat S (2003a) Effect of partial substitution of dietary protein by a single gluconeogenic dispensable amino acid on hepatic glucose metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 134:337–347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner S, Kaushik S, Panserat S (2003b) Low protein intake is associated with reduced hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Nutr 133:2561–2564

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner S, Seixas P, Kaushik S, Panserat S (2005) Effects of low protein intake on extra-hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme expression and peripheral glucose phosphorylation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 140:333–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchner S, Panserat S, Lim PL, Kaushik S, Ferraris RP (2008) The role of hepatic, renal and intestinal gluconeogenic enzymes in glucose homeostasis of juvenile rainbow trout. J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 178:429–438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein SE, Sheridan MA (2008) Somatostatin signaling and the regulation of growth and metabolism in fish. Mol Cell Endocrinol 286:148–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klover PJ, Mooney RA (2004) Hepatocytes: critical for glucose homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:753–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krasnov A, Teerijoki H, Mölsä H (2001) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatic glucose transporter. Biochim Biophys Acta 1520:174–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreymann B, Ghatei MA, Williams G, Bloom SR (1987) Glucagon-like peptide 7–36: a physiological incretin in man. Lancet 330:1300–1304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krogdahl Å, Bakke-Mckellep AM (2005) Fasting and refeeding cause rapid changes in intestinal tissue mass and digestive enzyme capacities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 141:450–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krogdahl Å, Nordrum S, Sørensen M, Brudeseth L, Rosjo C (1999) Effects of diet composition on apparent nutrient absorption along the intestinal tract and subsequent fasting on mucosal disaccharidase activities and plasma nutrient concentration in Atlantic salmon. Aquac Nutr 5:121–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krogdahl Å, Sundby A, Olli JJ (2004) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) digest and metabolize nutrients differently. Effects of water salinity and dietary starch level. Aquaculture 229:335–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krogdahl Å, Hemre GI, Mommsen TP (2005) Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquac Nutr 11:103–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Sahu NP, Pal AK, Sagar V, Sinha AK, Baruah K (2009) Modulation of key metabolic enzyme of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juvenile: effect of dietary starch type, protein level and exogenous α-amylase in the diet. Fish Physiol Biochem 35:301–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuz’mina VV (1996) Influence of age on digestive enzyme activity in some freshwater teleosts. Aquaculture 148:25–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanctin HP, McMorran LE, Driedzic WR (1980) Rates of glucose and lactate oxidation by the perfused isolated trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) heart. Can J Zool 58:1708–1711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lansard M, Panserat S, Plagnes-Juan E, Seiliez I, Skiba-Cassy S (2010) Integration of insulin and amino acid signals that regulate hepatic metabolism-related gene expression in rainbow trout: role of TOR. Amino Acids 39:801–810

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lansard M, Panserat S, Plagnes-Juan E, Dias K, Seiliez I, Skiba-Cassy S (2011) l-Leucine, l-methionine, and l-lysine are involved in the regulation of intermediary metabolism-related gene expression in rainbow trout hepatocytes. J Nutr 141:75–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazo JP, Holt GJ, Arnold CR (2000) Ontogeny of pancreatic enzymes in larval red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. Aquac Nutr 6:183–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legate N, Bonen A, Moon TW (2001) Glucose tolerance and peripheral glucose utilization in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), American eel (Anguilla rostrata), and black bullhead catfish (Ameiurus melas). Gen Comp Endocrinol 122:48–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibson LG (1973) Features of the metabolism and its endocrine regulation in fish with different motor activities. Evol Physiol Biochem 8:248–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibson L, Plisetskaya EM (1968) Effect of insulin on blood sugar level and glycogen content in organs of some cyclostomes and fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 11:381–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenzen S, Lerch M, Peckman T, Tiedge M (2000) Differential regulation of [Ca2+]i oscillations in mouse pancreatic islets by glucose, α-ketoisocaproic acid, glyceraldehyde and glycolytic intermediates. Biochim Biophys Acta 1523:65–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin BE, Routh VH, Kang L, Sanders NM, Dunn-Meynell AA (2004) Neuronal glucosensing. What do we know after 50 years? Diabetes 53:2521–2528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin BE, Magnan C, Dunn-Meynell A, Le Foll C (2011) Metabolic sensing and the brain: who, what, where, and how? Endocrinology 152:2552–2557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine VE, Kolars JJ (1925) The effect of insulin on the morphological blood picture, with a note on the relation of diet to the convulsions induced by insulin. Am J Physiol 74:695–707

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewander K, Dave G, Johansson-Sjöbeck M-L, Larsson Å, Lidman U (1976) Metabolic effects of insulin in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla L. Gen Comp Endocrinol 29:455–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li GG, Liang XF, Xie Q, Li G, Yu Y, Lai K (2010) Gene structure, recombinant expression and functional characterization of grass carp leptin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 166:117–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin H, Romsos DR, Tack PI, Leveille GA (1978) Determination of glucose utilization in coho salmon [Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)] with (6-3H)- and (U–14C)-glucose. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 59:189–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin SC, Liou CH, Shiau SY (2000) Renal threshold for urinary glucose excretion by tilapia in response to orally administered carbohydrates and injected glucose. Fish Physiol Biochem 23:127–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • López-Vásquez K, Castro-Pérez CA, Val AL (2009) Digestive enzymes of eight Amazonian teleosts with different feeding habits. J Fish Biol 74:1620–1628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loxham SJG, Teague J, Poucher SM, De Schoolmeester J, Turnbull AV, Carey F (2006) Glucagon challenge in the rat: a robust method for the in vivo assessment of glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor efficacy. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 55:71–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch RM, Tompkins LS, Brooks HL, Dunn-Meynell AA, Levin BE (2000) Localization of glucokinase gene expression in the rat brain. Diabetes 49:693–700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald PE, Eliasson L, Rorsman P (2005) Calcium increases endocytotic vesicle size and accelerates membrane fission in insulin-secreting INS-1 cells. J Cell Sci 118:5911–5920

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Machado CR, Garofalo MAR, Roselino JES, Kettelhut IC, Migliorini RH (1988) Effects of starvation, refeeding, and insulin on energy-linked metabolic processes in catfish (Rhamdia hilarii) adapted to a carbohydrate-rich diet. Gen Comp Endocrinol 71:429–437

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnoni LJ, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2001) Glucagon effects on brain carbohydrate and ketone body metabolism of rainbow trout. J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol 290:662–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin LJ, Siliart B, Lutz TA, Biourge V, Nguyen P, Dumon HJ (2010) Postprandial response of plasma insulin, amylin and acylated ghrelin to various test meals in lean and obese cats. Br J Nutr 103:1610–1619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marty N, Dallaporta M, Thorens B (2007) Brain glucose sensing, counterregulation, and energy homeostasis. Physiology 22:241–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazepa RC, Cuevas MJ, Collado PS, González-Gallego J (1999) Melatonin increases muscle and liver glycogen content in nonexercised and exercised rats. Life Sci 66:153–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazur CN, Higgs DA, Plisetskaya EM, March BE (1992) Utilization of dietary starch and glucose tolerance in juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of different strains in seawater. Fish Physiol Biochem 10:303–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melroe GT, Ehrman MM, Kittilson JD, Sheridan MA (2000) Glucose regulates pancreatic preprosomatostatin I expression. FEBS Lett 465:115–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mithieux G (2009) A novel function of intestinal gluconeogenesis: central signaling in glucose and energy homeostasis. Nutrition 25:881–884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura T, Maruyama K, Shimakura S, Kaiya H, Uchiyama M, Kangawa K, Shioda S, Matsuda K (2006) Neuropeptide Y mediates ghrelin-induced feeding in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Neurosci Lett 407:279–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mommsen TP (2000) Glucagon-like peptide-1 in fishes: the liver and beyond. Am Zool 40:259–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mommsen TP, Plisetskaya EM (1991) Insulin in fishes and agnathans: history, structure, and metabolic regulation. Rev Aquat Sci 4:225–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mommsen TP, Moon TW, Plisetskaya EM (2001) Effects of arginine on pancreatic hormones and hepatic metabolism in rainbow trout. Physiol Biochem Zool 74:668–678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mommsen TP, Busby ER, Reinecke M, Zaccone G, Kapoor BG (2006) Glucagon and friends. Fish endocrinology. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 223–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon TW (1998) Glucagon: from hepatic binding to metabolism in teleost fish. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 121:27–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon TW (2001) Glucose intolerance in teleost fish: fact or fiction? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 129:243–249

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon TW, Foster GD, Plisetskaya EM (1989) Changes in peptide hormones and liver enzymes in the rainbow trout deprived of food for 6 weeks. Can J Zool 67:2189–2193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon TW, Gambarotta A, Capuzzo A, Fabbri E (1997) Glucagon and glucagon-like peptide signaling pathways in the liver of two fish species, the American eel and the black bullhead. J Exp Zool A Comp Exp Biol 279:62–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz W, Leech CA, Ferrer J, Habener JF (2001) Regulated expression of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel subunits in pancreatic beta-cells. Endocrinology 142:129–138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munilla-Morán R, Saborido-Rey F (1996) Digestive enzymes in marine species. II. Amylase activities in gut from seabream (Sparus aurata), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and redfish (Sebastes mentella). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 113:827–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murashita K, Uji S, Yamamoto T, Ronnestad I, Kurokawa T (2008) Production of recombinant leptin and its effects on food intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 150:377–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musson MC, Jepeal LI, Mabray PD, Zhdanova IV, Cardoso WV, Wolfe MM (2009) Expression of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in the zebrafish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R1803–R1812

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narnaware YK, Peter RE (2002) Influence of diet composition on food intake and neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression in goldfish brain. Regul Pept 103:75–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Natalia Y, Hashim R, Ali A, Chong A (2004) Characterization of digestive enzymes in a carnivorous ornamental fish, the Asian bony tongue Scleropages formosus (Osteoglossidae). Aquaculture 233:305–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro I, Epple A (1993) Plasma catecholamines do not respond to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a teleost, Anguilla rostrata. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 265:E20–E23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro I, Moon TW (1994) Glucagon binding to hepatocytes isolated from two teleost fishes, the American eel and the brown bullhead. J Endocrinol 140:217–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro I, Leibush B, Moon TW, Plisetskaya EM, Baños N, Méndez E, Planas JV, Gutiérrez J (1999) Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and glucagon: the evolution of their receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 122:137–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro I, Capilla E, Castillo A, Albalat A, Díaz M, Gallardo MA, Blasco J, Planas JV, Gutiérrez J, Reinecke M, Zaccone G, Kapoor BG (2006) Insulin metabolic effects in fish tissues. Fish endocrinology. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 15–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson LE, Sheridan MA (2006) Gastroenteropancreatic hormones and metabolism in fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 148:116–124

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nikinmaa M, Tiihonen K (1994) Substrate transport and utilization in fish erythrocytes. Acta Physiol Scand 152:183–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson GE, Perez-Pinzon M, Dimberg K, Winberg S (1993) Brain sensitivity to anoxia in fish as reflected by changes in extracellular K+ activity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 264:R250–R253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novoa MS, Capilla E, Rojas P, Baró J, Gutiérrez J, Navarro I (2004) Glucagon and insulin response to dietary carbohydrate in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 139:48–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NRC TNRC (2011) Nutrient requirements of fish and shrimp. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottolenghi C, Puviani AC, Baruffaldi A, Brighenti L (1981) Effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism in the catfish (Ictalurus melas) II. In vitro experiments. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 57:777–783

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottolenghi C, Puviani AC, Baruffaldi A (1982) In vivo effects of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism of catfish (Ictalurus melas). Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 72:35–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottolenghi C, Puviani AC, Baruffaldi A, Brighenti L (1984) Effect of insulin on glycogen metabolism in isolated catfish hepatocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 78:705–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottolenghi C, Puviani AC, Gavioli ME, Brighenti L (1985) Effects of insulin on glycogen metabolism in isolated and perfused catfish liver. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 80:135–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer TN, Ryman BE (1972) Studies on oral glucose intolerance in fish. J Fish Biol 4:311–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S (2009) Nutritional regulation of gene expression for proteins involved in metabolism in cultured fish: focus on dietary carbohydrates. In: Young G, Thorgaard GH, Gatlin DM II, Craig S (eds) Current status of molecular research in Aquaculture. Wiley-Blackwell, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Blin C, Médale F (2000a) Molecular cloning tissue distribution and sequence analysis of complete glucokinase cDNAs from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), rainbow trout and common carp. Biochim Biophys Acta 1474:61–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Médale F, Blin C, Brèque J, Vachot C, Plagnes-Juan E, Gomes E, Krishnamoorthy R, Kaushik S (2000b) Hepatic glucokinase is induced by dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, and common carp. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278:R1164–R1170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Médale F, Brèque J, Plagnes-Juan E, Kaushik S (2000c) Lack of significant long-term effect of dietary carbohydrates on hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Nutr Biochem 11:22–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Capilla E, Gutiérrez J, Frappart PO, Vachot C, Plagnes-Juan E, Aguirre P, Brèque J, Kaushik S (2001a) Glucokinase is highly induced and glucose-6-phosphatase poorly repressed in liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by a single meal with glucose. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 128:275–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Plagnes-Juan E, Kaushik S (2001b) Nutritional regulation and tissue specificity of gene expression for proteins involved in hepatic glucose metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 204:2351–2360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Perrin A, Kaushik S (2002a) High dietary lipids induce liver glucose-6-phosphatase expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Nutr 132:137–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Plagnes-Juan E, Kaushik S (2002b) Gluconeogenic enzyme gene expression is decreased by dietary carbohydrates in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Biochim Biophys Acta 1579:35–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panserat S, Skiba-Cassy S, Seiliez I, Lansard M, Plagnes-Juan E, Vachot C, Aguirre P, Larroquet L, Chavergnac G, Médale F, Corraze G, Kaushik S, Moon TW (2009) Metformin improves postprandial glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout fed dietary carbohydrates: a link with the induction of hepatic lipogenic capacities? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293:R707–R715

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Párrizas M, Planas J, Plisetskaya EM, Gutiérrez J (1994) Insulin binding and receptor tyrosine kinase activity in skeletal muscle of carnivorous and omnivorous fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 266:R1944–R1950

    Google Scholar 

  • Párrizas M, Plisetskaya EM, Planas J, Gutiérrez J (1995) Abundant insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor binding in fish skeletal muscle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 98:16–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patent GJ (1973) The chondrichthyean endocrine pancreas: what are its functions? Am Zool 13:639–651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penicaud L, Kande J, Le Magnen J, Girard JR (1985) Insulin action during fasting and refeeding in rat determined by euglycemic clamp. Am J Physiol 249:E514–E518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira C, Vijayan MM, Storey KB, Jones RA, Moon TW (1995) Role of glucose and insulin in regulating glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities in rainbow trout hepatocytes. J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 165:62–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peres H, Gonçalves P, Oliva-Teles A (1999) Glucose tolerance in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 179:415–423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez J, Gutierrez J, Carrillo M, Zanuy S, Fernandez J (1989) Effect of bonito insulin injection on plasma immunoreactive glucagon levels and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 94:33–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen TDP, Hochachka PW, Suárez RK (1987) Hormonal control of gluconeogenesis in rainbow trout hepatocytes: regulatory role of pyruvate kinase. J Exp Zool 243:173–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picha ME, Strom CN, Riley LG, Walker AA, Won ET, Johnstone WM, Borski RJ (2009) Plasma ghrelin and growth hormone regulation in response to metabolic state in hybrid striped bass: effects of feeding, ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor-I on in vivo and in vitro GH secretion. Gen Comp Endocrinol 161:365–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilkis SJ, Granner DK (1992) Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. Annu Rev Physiol 54:885–909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plagnes-Juan E, Lansard M, Seiliez I, Medale F, Corraze G, Kaushik S, Panserat S, Skiba-Cassy S (2008) Insulin regulates the expression of several metabolism-related genes in the liver and primary hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 211:2510–2518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM (1980) Fatty-acid levels in blood of cyclostomes and fish. Env Biol Fish 5:273–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM (1989) Physiology of fish endocrine pancreas. Fish Physiol Biochem 7:39–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM, Duan C (1994) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch injected with streptozotocin. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 267:R1408–R1412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM, Mommsen TP (1996) Glucagon and glucagon-like peptides in fishes. Int Rev Cytol 168:187–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM, Bhattacharya S, Dickhoff WW, Gorbman A (1984) The effect of insulin on amino acid metabolism and glycogen content in isolated liver cells of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 78:773–778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM, Pollock HG, Rouse JB, Hamilton JW, Kimmel JR, Andrews PC, Gorbman A (1986) Characterization of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) islet somatostatins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 63:252–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM, Ottolenghi C, Sheridan MA, Mommsen TP, Gorbman A (1989a) Metabolic effects of salmon glucagon and glucagon-like peptide in coho and chinook salmon. Gen Comp Endocrinol 73:205–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM, Sheridan MA, Mommsen TP (1989b) Metabolic changes in Coho and Chinook salmon resulting from acute insufficiency in pancreatic hormones. J Exp Zool 249:158–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plisetskaya EM, Buchelli-Narvaez LI, Hardy RW, Dickhoff WW (1991) Effects of injected and dietary arginine on plasma insulin levels and growth of pacific salmon and rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 98:165–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S (2011) Brain glucosensing: physiological implications. Nova Science Pub Inc, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Soengas JL (2008) Involvement of lactate in glucose metabolism and glucosensing function in selected tissues of rainbow trout. J Exp Biol 211:1075–1086

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Míguez JM, Moon TW, Soengas JL (2007a) Evidence for the presence of a glucosensor in hypothalamus, hindbrain, and Brockmann bodies of rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292:R1657–R1666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2007b) In vitro evidences for glucosensing capacity and mechanisms in hypothalamus, hindbrain, and Brockmann bodies of rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293:R1410–R1420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2008a) Changes in food intake and glucosensing function of hypothalamus and hindbrain in rainbow trout subjected to hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic conditions. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 194:829–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2008b) Dietary carbohydrates induce changes in glucosensing capacity and food intake of rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295:R478–R489

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Panserat S, Plagnes-Juan E, Soengas JL (2008c) Altered dietary carbohydrates significantly affect gene expression of the major glucosensing components in Brockmann bodies and hypothalamus of rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295:R1077–R1088

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Rodriguez-Alonso M, Soengas JL (2009a) Immunohistochemical localization of glucokinase in rainbow trout brain. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 153:352–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S (2009b) Glucose homeostasis is impaired by a paradoxical interaction between metformin and insulin in carnivorous rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R1769–R1776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Alvarez R, Soengas JL (2010a) Gut glucose metabolism in rainbow trout: implications in glucose homeostasis and glucosensing capacity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299:R19–R32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Moon TW, Aguirre P, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S (2010b) Effects of insulin infusion on glucose homeostasis and glucose metabolic gene expression in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet. J Exp Biol 213:4151–4157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Skiba-Cassy S, Choubert G, Panserat S (2010c) Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is co-ordinately regulated by liver and muscle during acute and chronic insulin stimulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Exp Biol 213:1443–1452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Medale F, Larroquet L, Vachot C, Corraze G, Panserat S (2011a) Insulin stimulates lipogenesis and attenuates β-oxidation in white adipose tissue of fed rainbow trout. Lipids 46:189–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Medale F, Larroquet L, Vachot C, Corraze G, Panserat S (2011b) Regulation of de novo hepatic lipogenesis by insulin infusion in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet. J Anim Sci 89:3079–3088

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Miguez JM, Soengas JL (2011c) Cholecystokinin impact on rainbow trout glucose homeostasis: possible involvement of central glucosensors. Regul Pept 172:23–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Miguez JM, Soengas JL (2011d) Evidence for a gut-brain axis used by glucagon-like peptide-1 to elicit hyperglycaemia in fish. J Neuroendocrinol 23:508–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2011e) Ghrelin effects on central glucosensing and energy homeostasis-related peptides in rainbow trout. Domest Anim Endocrinol 41:126–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Mommsen TP, Soengas JL (2011f) Glucosensing and glucose homeostasis: from fish to mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 160:123–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Moon TW, Aguirre P, Skiba-Cassy S, Panserat S (2011g) Glucose homeostasis in rainbow trout fed a high-carbohydrate diet: metformin and insulin interact in a tissue-dependent manner. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300:R166–R174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Panserat S, Craig PM, Martyres DJ, Plagnes-Juan E, Savari S, Aris-Brosou S, Moon TW (2011h) The metabolic consequences of hepatic AMP-kinase phosphorylation in rainbow trout. PLoS ONE 6:e20228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polakof S, Skiba-Cassy S, Kaushik S, Seiliez I, Soengas JL, Panserat S (2012) Glucose and lipid metabolism in the pancreas of rainbow trout is regulated at the molecular level by nutritional status and carbohydrate intake. J Comp Physiol B. doi:10.1007/s00360-011-0636-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Reshkin SJ, Ahearn GA (1987) Basolateral glucose transport by intestine of teleost, Oreochromis mossambicus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 252:R579–R586

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro L, Zambonino-Infante JL, Cahu C, Dinis MT (1999) Development of digestive enzymes in larvae of Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858. Aquaculture 179:465–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richard N, Kaushik S, Larroquet L, Panserat S, Corraze G (2006) Replacing dietary fish oil by vegetable oils has little effect on lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Br J Nutr 96:299–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riley LG Jr, Walker AP, Dorough CP, Schwandt SE, Grau EG (2009) Glucose regulates ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, and the GH/IGF-I axis in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 154:541–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronner P (1991) 2-Deoxyglucose stimulates the release of insulin and somatostatin from the perfused catfish pancreas. Gen Comp Endocrinol 81:276–283

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronner P, Scarpa A (1987) Secretagogues for pancreatic hormone release in the channel catfish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 65:354–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rottbauer W, Baker K, Wo ZG, Mohideen MA, Cantiello HF, Fishman MC (2001) Growth and function of the embryonic heart depend upon the cardiac-specific L-type calcium channel alpha1 subunit. Dev Cell 1:265–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabapathy U, Teo LH (1993) A quantitative study of some digestive enzymes in the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer. J Fish Biol 42:595–602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha JK, Xia J, Grondin JM, Engle SK, Jakubowski JA (2005) Acute hyperglycemia induced by ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in rats: mechanisms and implications for preclinical models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230:777–784

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salgado MC, Metón I, Egea M, Baanante IV (2004) Transcriptional regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit promoter by insulin and glucose in the carnivorous fish, Sparus aurata. J Mol Endocrinol 33:783–795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Gurmaches J, Cruz-García L, Gutierrez J, Navarro I (2010) Endocrine control of oleic acid and glucose metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle cells in culture. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 299:R562–R572

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Gurmaches J, Østbye T-K, Navarro I, Torgersen J, Hevrøy EM, Ruyter B, Torstensen BE (2011) In vivo and in vitro insulin and fasting control of the transmembrane fatty acid transport proteins in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R947–R957

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2005) Actions of growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism and osmoregulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 141:214–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2007) Melatonin treatment affects the osmoregulatory capacity of rainbow trout. Aquac Res 38:325–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santigosa E, García-Meilán I, Valentin JM, Pérez-Sánchez J, Médale F, Kaushik S, Gallardo MA (2011) Modifications of intestinal nutrient absorption in response to dietary fish meal replacement by plant protein sources in sea bream (Sparus aurata) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 317:146–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seals DR, Hagberg JM, Allen WK, Hurley BF, Dalsky GP, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO (1984) Glucose tolerance in young and older athletes and sedentary men. J Appl Physiol 56:1521–1525

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segner H, Blair JB, Wirtz G, Miller MR (1994) Cultured trout liver cells: utilization of substrates and response to hormones. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 30A:306–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiliez I, Gabillard JC, Skiba-Cassy S, García-Serrana D, Gutiérrez J, Kaushik S, Panserat S, Tesseraud S (2008) An in vivo and in vitro assessment of TOR signaling cascade in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295:R329–R335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiliez I, Panserat S, Skiba-Cassy S, Polakof S (2011) Effect of acute and chronic insulin administrations on major factors involved in the control of muscle protein turnover in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gen Comp Endocrinol 172:363–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta S, Peterson TR, Sabatini DM (2010) Regulation of the mTOR complex 1 pathway by nutrients, growth factors, and stress. Mol Cell 40:310–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan MA, Kittilson JD (2004) The role of somatostatins in the regulation of metabolism in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 138:323–330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan MA, Plisetskaya EM, Bern HA, Gorbman A (1987) Effects of somatostatin-25 and urotensin II on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen Comp Endocrinol 66:405–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan MA, Kittilson D, Slagter BJ (2000) Structure–function relationships of the signaling system for the somatostatin peptide hormone family. Am Zool 40:269–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiau SY, Liang HS (1995) Carbohydrate utilization and digestibility by tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus, are affected by chromic oxide inclusion in the diet. J Nutr 125:976–982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sidi S, Busch-Nentwich E, Friedrich R, Schoenberger U, Nicolson T (2004) Gemini encodes a zebrafish L-type calcium channel that localizes at sensory hair cell ribbon synapses. J Neurosci 24:4213–4223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein JT, Plisetskaya EM (2000) The effects of NPY and insulin on food intake regulation in fish. Am Zool 40:296–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstein JT, Bondareva VM, Leonard JB, Plisetskaya EM (2001) Neuropeptide regulation of feeding in catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: a role for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 129:623–631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sivarajah P, Wheeler MB, Irwin DM (2001) Evolution of receptors for proglucagon-derived peptides: isolation of frog glucagon receptors. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 128:517–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skea GL, Mountfort DO, Clements KD (2005) Gut carbohydrases from the New Zealand marine herbivorous fishes Kyphosus sydneyanus (Kyphosidae), Aplodactylus arctidens (Aplodactylidae) and Odax pullus (Labridae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 140:259–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba-Cassy S, Lansard M, Panserat S, Medale F (2009) Rainbow trout genetically selected for greater muscle fat content display increased activation of liver TOR signaling and lipogenic gene expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R1421–R1429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slagter BJ, Kittilson J, Sheridan MA (2005) Expression of somatostatin receptor mRNAs is regulated in vivo by growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Regul Pept 128:27–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AJ, Partridge CJ, Asipu A, Mair LA, Hunter M, Sivaprasadarao A (2006) Increased ATP-sensitive K+ channel expression during acute glucose deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 348:1123–1131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Aldegunde M (2002) Energy metabolism of fish brain. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 131:271–296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Aldegunde M (2004) Brain glucose and insulin: effects on food intake and brain biogenic amines of rainbow trout. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 190:641–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Moon TW (1995) Uptake and metabolism of glucose, alanine and lactate by red blood cells of the American eel Anguilla rostrata. J Exp Biol 198:877–888

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Moon TW (1998) Transport and metabolism of glucose in isolated enterocytes of the black bullhead Ictalurus melas: effects of diet and hormones. J Exp Biol 201:3263–3273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Fuentes J, Otero J, Andrés MD, Aldegunde M (1992) Seasonal changes in carbohydrate metabolism in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their relationship to changes in gill (Na+–K+)-ATPase activity. Aquaculture 108:369–380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Barciela P, Fuentes J, Otero J, Andrés MD, Aldegunde M (1993a) Changes in muscle carbohydrate metabolism in domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after transfer to seawater. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 104:173–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Barciela P, Fuentes J, Otero J, Andrés MD, Aldegunde M (1993b) The effect of seawater transfer in liver carbohydrate metabolism of domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 105:337–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Sanmartín B, Barciela P, Aldegunde M, Rozas G (1993c) Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) related to spermatogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 105:665–671

    Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Strong EF, Fuentes J, Veira JAR, Andrés MD (1996) Food deprivation and refeeding in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Effects on brain and liver carbohydrate and ketone bodies metabolism. Fish Physiol Biochem 15:491–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Strong EF, Andrés MD (1998a) Glucose, lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate utilization by rainbow trout brain: changes during food deprivation. Physiol Zool 71:285–293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Strong EF, Andrés MD, Aldegunde M (1998b) Dose-dependent effects of acute melatonin treatments on brain carbohydrate metabolism of rainbow trout. Fish Physiol Biochem 18:311–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Polakof S, Chen X, Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Moon TW (2006) Glucokinase and hexokinase expression and activities in rainbow trout tissues: changes with food deprivation and refeeding. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291:R810–R821

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart JK, Goodner CJ, Koerker DJ, Gorbman A, Ensinck J, Kaufman M (1978) Evidence for a biological role of somatostatin in the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti. Gen Comp Endocrinol 36:408–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone DAJ (2003) Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish. Rev Fish Sci 11:337–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugita H, Kawasaki J, Deguchi Y (1997) Production of amylase by the intestinal microflora in cultured freshwater fish. Lett Appl Microbiol 24:105–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugita T, Shimeno S, Hosokawa H, Masumoto T (1999) Response of hepatopancreatic enzyme activities and metabolic intermediate concentrations to bovine insulin and glucose administration in carp Cyprinus carpio. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 65:896–900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan Q, Wang F, Xie S, Zhu X, Lei W, Shen J (2009) Effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio). Aquac Res 40:1011–1018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tashima L, Cahill GF (1968) Effects of insulin in toadfish Opsanus tau. Gen Comp Endocrinol 11:262–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terova G, Rimoldi S, Brambilla F, Gornati R, Bernardini G, Saroglia M (2009) In vivo regulation of GLUT2 mRNA in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in response to acute and chronic hypoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 152:306–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorgaard GH, Bailey GS, Williams D, Buhler DR, Kaattari SL, Ristow SS, Hansen JD, Winton JR, Bartholomew JL, Nagler JJ, Walsh PJ, Vijayan MM, Devlin RH, Hardy RW, Overturf KE, Young WP, Robison BD, Rexroad C, Palti Y (2002) Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 133:609–646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe A, Ince BW (1974) The effects of pancreatic hormones, catecholamines, and glucose loading on blood metabolites in the northern pike (Esox lucius L.). Gen Comp Endocrinol 23:29–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tintos A, Gesto M, Míguez JM, Soengas JL (2007) Naphthalene treatment alters liver intermediary metabolism and levels of steroid hormones in plasma of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 66:139–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tranulis MA, Dregni O, Christophersen B, Krogdahl A, Borrebaek B (1996) A glucokinase-like-enzyme in the liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 114:35–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tranulis MA, Christophersen B, Borrebaek B (1997) Glucokinase in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) Brockmann bodies. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 116:367–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tse CM, Young JD (1990) Glucose transport in fish erythrocytes: variable cytochalasin-B-sensitive hexose transport activity in the common eel (Anguilla japonica) and transport deficiency in the paddyfield eel (Monopterus albus) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J Exp Biol 148:367–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng Y-C, Chen R-D, Lee J-R, Liu S-T, Lee S-J, Hwang P-P (2009) Specific expression and regulation of glucose transporters in zebrafish ionocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R275–R290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng Y-C, Chen R-D, Lucassen M, Schmidt MM, Dringen R, Abele D, Hwang P-P (2011) Exploring uncoupling proteins and antioxidant mechanisms under acute cold exposure in brains of fish. PLoS ONE 6:e18180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugolev AM, Kuz’mina VV (1994) Fish enterocyte hydrolases. Nutrition adaptations. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 107:187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Raaij MT, van den Thillart GE, Hallemeesch M, Balm PH, Steffens AB (1995) Effect of arterially infused catecholamines and insulin on plasma glucose and free fatty acids in carp. Am J Physiol 268:R1163–R1170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velisek J, Svobodoba Z (2004) Anaesthesia of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with 2-phenoxyethanol: acute toxicity and biochemical blood profile. Acta Vet Brno 73:379–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Very NM, Knutson D, Kittilson JD, Sheridan MA (2001) Somatostatin inhibits growth of rainbow trout. J Fish Biol 59:157–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volkoff H, Eykelbosh AJ, Peter RE (2003) Role of leptin in the control of feeding of goldfish Carassius auratus: interactions with cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and orexin A, and modulation by fasting. Brain Res 972:90–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner EJ, Bosakowski T, Intelmann S (1997) Combined effects of temperature and high pH on mortality and the stress response of rainbow trout after stocking. Trans Am Fish Soc Symp 126:985–998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walton MJ (1986) Metabolic effects of feeding a high protein/low carbohydrate diet as compared to a low protein/high carbohydrate diet to rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Fish Physiol Biochem 1:7–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Washburn BS, Bruss ML, Avery EH, Freedland RA (1992) Effects of estrogen on whole animal and tissue glucose use in female and male rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 263:R1241–R1247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins D, Cooperstein S, Lazarow A (1973) Effect of alloxan on islet tissue permeability: protection and reversal by sugars. Am J Physiol 224:718–722

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber JM, Brill RW, Hochachka PW (1986) Mammalian metabolite flux rates in a teleost: lactate and glucose turnover in tuna. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 250:R452–R458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RP (1994) Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish. Aquaculture 124:67–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RP, Poe WE (1987) Apparent inability of channel catfish to utilize dietary mono- and disaccharides as energy sources. J Nutr 117:280–285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittenberger C, Coprean D, Morar L (1975) Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of the lateral muscles in carp (influence of phloridzin, insulin and adrenaline). J Comp Physiol B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 101:161–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf K, Rumsey G (1985) The representative research animal: why rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Z Angew Ichthyol 3:131–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward CC, Strange RJ (1987) Physiological stress responses in wild and hatchery-reared rainbow trout. Trans Am Fish Soc 116:574–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright JR Jr (2002) From ugly fish to conquer death: J J R Macleod’s fish insulin research, 1922–24. Lancet 359:1238–1242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright PA, Perry SF, Moon TW (1989) Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by catecholamines in rainbow trout during environmental hypoxia. J Exp Biol 147:169–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright JR Jr, O’Hali W, Yang H, Han X, Bonen A (1998) GLUT-4 deficiency and severe peripheral resistance to insulin in the teleost fish tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 111:20–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zambonino Infante JL, Cahu CL (2001) Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract of marine fish larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 130:477–487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Miki T, Shibasaki T, Yokokura M, Saraya A, Seino S (2006) Identification and characterization of a novel member of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel subunit family, Kir6.3, in zebrafish. Physiol Genomics 24:290–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge grants that have supported their studies on carbohydrate use by fish: TWM, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grants; SP and TWM, France-Canada Research Fund grant. JLS, grants from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and FEDER (AGL2004-08137-c04-03/ACU, AGL2007-65744-C03-01/ACU, and AGL2010–22247-C03-03), Xunta de Galicia (Consolidación en estructuración de unidades de investigación competitivas), and Universidade de Vigo (Contrato-Programa grupos de investigación consolidados). S. Panserat, grants from European commission (CT95-0174), Aquitaine Region (CCRRDT: 960308003; CCRRDT: 2051303004AB), National Research Agency (ANR-08-JCJC-0025) and INRA PHASE Department.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. INRA, Human Nutrition Unit-UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Sergio Polakof

  2. Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Sergio Polakof

  3. INRA, UR1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, 64310, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France

    Stéphane Panserat

  4. Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain

    José L. Soengas

  5. Department of Biology and Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada

    Thomas W. Moon

Authors
  1. Sergio Polakof
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stéphane Panserat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. José L. Soengas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas W. Moon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sergio Polakof.

Additional information

Communicated by I.D. Hume.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Polakof, S., Panserat, S., Soengas, J.L. et al. Glucose metabolism in fish: a review. J Comp Physiol B 182, 1015–1045 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-012-0658-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-012-0658-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation