Abstract
The recent development in measuring 2D Doppler shift distributions for flow velocimetry using the dispersive properties of atomic line filters is presented. On the basis of velocity field measurements on a subsonic jet flow and a tip vortex flow in a medium-sized wind tunnel, the technique was assessed. Atomic line filters near a resonant transition combine imaging capabilities with a sharp frequency cutoff and an associated region of strong anomalous dispersion. While conventional Doppler global velocimetry relies on the absorption of the filter to convert frequency shifts to intensity variations, near-resonant interferometry uses its dispersion to detect frequency shifts as phase changes in an interference pattern. In the present setup, an iodine vapor cell in an imaging Michelson interferometer is used. With the illuminating laser frequency tuned near a resonant transition, the cell’s dispersion converts the frequency content of the field of view into a distortion of the carrier-fringe pattern recorded at the image plane of the interferometer. The phase distribution in the fringe images is reconstructed by filtering the individual images with a 2D Gabor filter pair tuned to the spatial frequencies of the basic carrier-fringe pattern. The post-processing is concluded with subsequent phase-unwrapping and subtraction of the carrier reference fringe phase. The method and the setup were demonstrated and calibrated experimentally on a rotating disc. The capability of the technique to operate in a real experimental environment was validated in a free subsonic jet and a tip vortex flow behind a wing section in a medium-sized wind tunnel facility. The measurements were found to be in generally good agreement with the theoretically predicted system characteristics and the reference measurements. As with other Doppler global techniques, the stability of the pulsed laser system and the secondary scattering in the test volume were identified as the main error sources.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ALF:
-
Atomic line filter
- AOA:
-
Angle of attack
- DGV:
-
Doppler global velocimetry
- DPV:
-
Doppler picture velocimetry
- FWHM:
-
Full width at half maximum
- ICCD:
-
Intensified charge-coupled device
- LDV:
-
Laser Doppler velocimetry
- PDV:
-
Planar Doppler velocimetry
- PIV:
-
Particle image velocimetry
- RMS:
-
Root mean square
References
Fischer A, Büttner L, Czarske J, Eggert M, Grosche G, Müller H (2007) Investigation of time-resolved single-detector Doppler global velocimetry using sinusoidal laser frequency modulation. Meas Sci Technol 18:2529–2545
Ford HD, Nobes DS, Tatam RP (2001) Acousto-optic frequency switching for single-camera planar Doppler velocimetry. Proc Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng 4448:272–282
Forkey JN, Lempert WR, Miles RB (1997) Corrected and calibrated I2 absorption model at frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser wavelengths. Appl Opt 36(27):6729–6738
Gerstenkorn S, Luc P (1978) Atlas du spectre d’Absorption de la Molecule d’Iode, 14,800–20,000 cm−1. Laboratoire Aimé-Cotton CNRS II, Orsay
Ghiglia DC, Romero LA (1994) Robust two-dimensional weighted and unweighted phase unwrapping that uses fast transforms and iterative methods. J Opt Soc Am A 11(1):107–117
Jähne B (2005) Digital image processing. 6 th rev. and extended edn. Springer, Heidelberg
Komine H, Brosnan SJ, Litton AB, Stappaerts EA (1991) Real-time Doppler global velocimetry. In: AIAA 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, paper 91-0337
Landolt A, Roesgen T (2006) Global Doppler frequency shift detection with near-resonant interferometry. In: 13 th Int Symp. on applications of laser techniques to fluid mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, p 21.7
Lu Z-H, Charrett TOH, Ford HD, Tatam RP (2007) Mach–Zehnder interferometric filter based planar Doppler velocimetry (MZI-PDV). J Opt A Pure Appl Opt 9(11):1002–1013
Meier AH, Roesgen T (2009) Heterodyne Doppler global velocimetry. In: 14th international symposium on applications of laser techniques to fluid mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, p 7.3.4. Exp Fluids. doi:10.1007/s00348-009-0647-0
Meyers JF (1995) Development of Doppler global velocimetry as a flow diagnostics tool. Meas Sci Technol 6:769–783
Meyers JF, Lee JW, Schwartz RJ (2001) Characterization of measurement error sources in Doppler global velocimetry. Meas Sci Technol 12:357–368
Miles RB, Yalin AP, Tang Z, Zaidi SH, Forkey JN (2001) Flow field imaging through sharp-edged atomic and molecular ‘notch’ filters. Meas Sci Technol 12:442–451
Peiponen KE, Vartiainen EM, Asakura (1998) Dispersion, complex analysis and optical spectroscopy. Springer,
Seiler F, Oertel H (1983) Visualization of velocity fields with Doppler-pictures. In: 3rd Int. Symp. on flow visualization, Ann Arbor
Seiler F, George A, Srulijes J, Havermann M (2008) Flow Progress in Doppler picture velocimetry (DPV). Exp Fluids 44:389–395
Tellinghuisen J (1982) Transition strengths in the visible-infrared absorption spectrum of I2. J Chem Phys 76(10):4736–4744
Willert C, Stockhausen G, Klinner J, Lempereur C, Barricau P, Loiret P, Raynal JC (2007) Performance and accuracy investigations of two Doppler global velocimetry systems in parallel. Meas Sci Technol 18:2504–2512
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Landolt, A., Roesgen, T. Global Doppler frequency shift detection with near-resonant interferometry. Exp Fluids 47, 733–743 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0688-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-009-0688-4