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On the experimental investigation on primary atomization of liquid streams

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Abstract

The production of a liquid spray can be summarized as the succession of the following three steps; the liquid flow ejection, the primary breakup mechanism and the secondary breakup mechanism. The intermediate step—the primary breakup mechanism—covers the early liquid flow deformation down to the production of the first isolated liquid fragments. This step is very important and requires to be fully understood since it constitutes the link between the flow issuing from the atomizer and the final spray. This paper reviews the experimental investigations dedicated to this early atomization step. Several situations are considered: cylindrical liquid jets, flat liquid sheets, air-assisted cylindrical liquid jets and air-assisted flat liquid sheets. Each fluid stream adopts several atomization regimes according to the operating conditions. These regimes as well as the significant parameters they depend on are listed. The main instability mechanisms, which control primary breakup processes, are rather well described. This review points out the internal geometrical nozzle characteristics and internal flow details that influence the atomization mechanisms. The contributions of these characteristics, which require further investigations to be fully identified and quantified, are believed to be the main reason of experimental discrepancies and explain a lack of universal primary breakup regime categorizations.

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Abbreviations

a :

liquid jet radius (mm)

A :

spray angle parameter

AL, AG:

fluid flow exit section area (mm2)

d :

nozzle diameter (mm)

D :

drop diameter (μm)

D 32 :

Sauter mean diameter (μm)

D 43 :

arithmetic mean diameter of the volume-based drop-size distribution (μm)

f :

undulation frequency (Hz)

g :

gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

k :

wave number (m−1)

K :

liquid sheet thickness parameter (cm2)

L :

nozzle length (mm)

L BU :

breakup length (mm)

L C :

liquid jet core length (mm)

L p :

boundary-layer length (mm)

L PC :

liquid jet potential core length (mm)

LPP:

liquid presence probability

m :

mass flux ratio

M :

momentum flux ratio

Oh :

Ohnesorge number

P amb :

gas ambient pressure (MPa)

r :

radial coordinate (mm)

r b :

radial position of a flat sheet breakup (mm)

Re :

Reynolds number

T :

Taylor number

t :

time (s)

t BU :

breakup time (s)

tL, tG:

liquid and gas flow thickness (mm)

U :

average velocity (m/s)

U LC :

critical liquid jet velocity (m/s)

U L0 :

minimum liquid jet velocity (m/s)

We :

Weber number

We Gc :

critical gaseous Weber number

We R :

relative gaseous Weber number

x :

axial distance from nozzle (mm)

δ :

air vorticity thickness (mm)

ΔP i :

injection pressure (MPa)

ρ :

fluid density (kg/m3)

λ :

wavelength (cm)

Λ:

radial spatial integral length of turbulence (μm)

μ :

fluid dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)

σ :

surface tension (N/m)

η :

interface displacement (mm)

η 0 :

initial interface displacement (μm)

ω :

pulsation (s−1)

L:

related to the liquid flow

G:

related to the gas flow

max:

maximum

opt:

optimum

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    Christophe Dumouchel

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Dumouchel, C. On the experimental investigation on primary atomization of liquid streams. Exp Fluids 45, 371–422 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-008-0526-0

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