Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Salicylic Acid Improves Nitrogen Fixation, Growth, Yield and Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms in Chickpea Genotypes Under Salt Stress

  • Published:
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Salinization of farming soils is a major abiotic stress hampering crop growth and productivity globally. Chickpea is a vital legume crop, being cultivated largely in rainfed drylands and is sensitive to salt stress. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signalling molecule, which improves plant stress tolerance; nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms behind SA-mediated defence responses under salt stress, especially in chickpea, are unclear. Thus, pot experiments were carried out to investigate the role of SA (0.5 mM) seed priming on growth, nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis, ROS production, antioxidant defence system and yield in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes (GPF-2 and PBG-7) subjected to salt stress (80 mM). Results revealed that salinity stress reduced the nodulation, nitrogen fixation (leghemoglobin content), photosynthetic pigments and growth, which eventually affected yield output, more in PBG-7 than in GPF-2. Despite the enhanced antioxidant mechanisms [superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, phenols, proline, lignin] under salt stress, ROS (O2•− and H2O2) accumulation increased significantly and induced lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. However, pre-soaking (priming) of SA retained biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, arrested nodule senescence and decreased oxidative stress via enhanced stimulation of ROS scavenging machinery, consequently increasing the productivity in a genotype-dependent manner. Our study emphasized the use of SA-seed priming as an eco-friendly approach for improving salt tolerance and accomplishing sustainable production of chickpea genotypes in salt-affected soils.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acosta-Motos J, Ortuño M, Bernal-Vicente A, Diaz-Vivancos P, Sanchez-Blanco M, Hernandez J (2017) Plant responses to salt stress: adaptive mechanisms. Agronomy 7(1):18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Chammaa M, Al-Ain F, Kurdali F (2019) Effect of salicylic acid on growth, nodulation and N2-fixation in water stressed chickpeas using 2N and 13C. Adv Horti Sci 33(3):391–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Almagro L, Gómez Ros LV, Belchi-Navarro S, Bru R, Ros Barceló A, Pedreño MA (2009) Class III peroxidases in plant defence reactions. J Exp Bot 60(2):377–390. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asensi-Fabado MA, Cela J, Müller M, Arrom L, Chang C, Munné-Bosch S (2012) Enhanced oxidative stress in the ethylene-insensitive (ein3-1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to salt stress. J Plant Physiol 169(4):360–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2011.11.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babar S, Siddiqi EH, Hussain I, Bhatti KH, Rasheed R (2014) Mitigating the effects of salinity by foliar application of salicylic acid in Fenugreek. Physiol J Article ID 869058

  • Bharti A, Garg N (2019) SA and AM symbiosis modulate antioxidant defense mechanisms and asada pathway in chickpea genotypes under salt stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 178:66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye–binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao WH, Liu J, He XJ, Mu RL, Zhou HL, Chen SY, Zhang JS (2007) Modulation of ethylene responses affects plant salt-stress responses. Plant Physiol 143:707–719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Czarnocka W, Karpiński S (2018) Friend or foe? Reactive oxygen species production, scavenging and signaling in plant response to environmental stresses. Free Rad Biol Med 122:4–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egamberdieva D, Wirth SJ, Shurigin VV, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF (2017) Endophytic bacteria improve plant growth, symbiotic performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and induce suppression of root rot caused by Fusarium solani under salt stress. Front Microbiol 8: 1887

  • Elhakem A (2020) Salicylic acid ameliorates salinity tolerance in maize by regulation of phytohormones and osmolytes. Plant Soil Environ 66(10):533–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Hamid EMA, Sadak MS (2012) Performance of flax cultivars in response to exogenous application of salicylic acid under salinity stress. J App Sci Res 8(10):5081–5088

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Katony TM, El- Bastawisy ZM, El-Ghareeb SS (2019) Timing of salicylic acid application affects the response of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids to salinity stress. Heliyon 5:e01547

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • FAOSTAT (2019) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL

  • Flowers TJ, Galal HK, Bromham L (2010) Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants. Funct Plant Biol 37(7):604–612

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garg N, Bharti A (2018) Salicylic acid improves arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and Cicer arietinum growth and yield by modulating carbohydrate metabolism under salt stress. Mycorrhiza 28(8):727–746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garg N, Manchanda G (2008) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on salt-induced nodule senescence in Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea). J Plant Growth Regul 27(2):115–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gharbi E, Lutts S, Dailly H, Quinet M (2018) Comparison between the impacts of two different modes of salicylic acid application on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) responses to salinity. Plant Signal Behav 13(5):e1469361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gutsch A, Sergeant K, Keunen E, Prinsen E, Guerriero G, Renaut J, Hausman J-F, Cuypers A (2019) Does long-term cadmium exposure influence the composition of pectic polysaccharides in the cell wall of Medicago sativa stems? BMC Plant Biol 19:271

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao L, Zhao Y, Jin D, Zhang L, Bi X, Chen H, Xu Q, Ma C, Li G (2012) Salicylic acid-altering Arabidopsis mutants response to salt stress. Plant Soil 354:81–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayat S, Hayat Q, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad A (2014) Salicylic acid enhances the efficiency of nitrogen fixation and assimilation in Cicer arietinum plants grown under cadmium stress. J Plant Interact 9(1):35–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyas M, Nisar M, Khan N, Hazrat A, Khan AH, Hayat K, Fahad S, Khan A, Ullah A (2021) Drought tolerance strategies in plants: a mechanistic approach. J Plant Growth Regul 40(3):926–944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irigoyen JJ, Emerich DW, Sanchez-Diaz M (1992) Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiol Plant 84:55–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayakannan M, Bose J, Babourina O, Rengel Z, Shabala S (2015) Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and tolerance. Plant Growth Regul 76:25–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia XM, Zhu YF, Hu Y, Zhang R, Cheng L, Zhu ZL, Zhao T, Zhang X, Wang YX (2019) Integrated physiologic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of Malus halliana adaptation to saline–alkali stress. Hortic Res 6(1):1–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jukanti AK, Gaur PM, Gowda CLL, Chibbar RN (2012) Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. British J Nutr 108:S11–S26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kangasjärvi S, Neukermans J, Li S, Aro EM, Noctor G (2012) Photosynthesis, photorespiration, and light signalling in defence responses. J Exp Botany 63(4):1619–1636

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MIR, Khan N (2017) Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant systems in plants: role and regulation under abiotic stress. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5254-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MIR, Asgher M, Khan NA (2014) Alleviation of salt-induced photosynthesis and growth inhibition by salicylic acid involves glycinebetaine and ethylene in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 80:67–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MIR, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, Khan NA (2015) Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Front Plant Sci 6:462

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khan HA, Siddique KHM, Colmer TD (2016) Salt sensitivity in chickpea is determined by sodium toxicity. Planta

  • Kim Y, Mun B-G, Khan AL, Waqas M, Kim H-H, Shahzad R, Imran M, Yun B-W, Lee I-J (2018) Regulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by salicylic acid in rice plants under salinity stress conditions. PLoS One 13(3):e0192650

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li T, Hu YY, Du XH, Tang H, Shen CH, Wu JS (2014) Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii seedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. PLoS One 9:e109492

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Zhang C, Yang J, Yu N, Wang E (2018) Hormone modulation of legume-rhizobial symbiosis. J Integ Plant Biol 60(8):632–648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwiczak A, Osiak M, Cárdenas-Pérez S, Lubinska-Mielinska S, Piernik A (2021) Osmotic stress or ionic composition: which affects the early growth of crop species more? Agron 11:435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Zheng J, Zhang X, Hu Q, Qian R (2017) Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress on Dianthus superbus (Caryophyllaceae) by activating photosynthesis, protecting morphological structure, and enhancing the antioxidant system. Front Plant Sci 8:600

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Majeed S, Akram M, Latif M, Ijaz M, Hussain M (2016) Mitigation of drought stress by foliar application of salicylic acid and potassium in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Legume Res-Int J 39(2):208–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Manchanda G, Garg N (2011) Alleviation of salt-induced ionic, osmotic and oxidative stresses in Cajanus cajan nodules by AM inoculation. Plant Biosys 145(1):88–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meloni DA, Oliva MA, Ruiz HA, Martinez CA (2001) Contribution of proline and inorganic solutes to osmotic adjustment in cotton under salt stress. J Plant Nutr 24:599–612

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mhadhbi H, Fotopoulos V, Mylona PV, Jebara M, Elarbi Aouani M, Polidoros AN (2011) Antioxidant gene–enzyme responses in Medicago truncatula genotypes with different degree of sensitivity to salinity. Physiol Plant 141(3):201–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munns R, Gilliham M (2015) Salinity tolerance of crops–what is the cost? New Phytol 208(3):668–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahar K, Hasanuzzaman M, Fujita M (2016) Roles of osmolytes in plant adaptation to drought and salinity In: Iqbal N, Nazar R, Khan NA (eds), Osmolytes and plants acclimation to changing environment: Emerging omics technologies. Springer, pp 37–68

  • Negrão S, Schmöckel SM, Tester M (2017) Evaluating physiological responses of plants to salinity stress. Ann Bot 119:1–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novo-Uzal E, Gutiérrez J, Martínez-Cortés T, Pomar F (2014) Molecular cloning of two novel peroxidases and their response to salt stress and salicylic acid in the living fossil Ginkgo biloba. Ann Bot 114(5):923–936

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Othman, MHC (2017) Unravelling the role of mitochondrial respiration in salinity tolerance of wheat. Doctoral thesis

  • Palma F, López-Gómez M, Tejera NA, Lluch C (2013) Salicylic acid improves the salinity tolerance of Medicago sativa in symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti by preventing nitrogen fixation inhibition. Plant Sci 208:75–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park HJ, Kim WY, Yun DJ (2016) A new insight of salt stress signaling in plant. Mol Cell 39:447–459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parvaiz A, Satyawati S (2008) Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants—a review. Plant Soil Environ 54(3):89–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng Y, Yang J, Li X, Zhang Y (2021) Salicylic Acid: biosynthesis and signaling. Ann Rev Plant Biol 72:761–791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirasteh-Anosheh H, Emam Y, Rousta MJ, Ashraf M (2017) Salicylic acid induced salinity tolerance through manipulation of ion distribution rather than ion accumulation. J Plant Growth Regul 36(1):227–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poór P, Gémes K, Horváth F, Szepesi A, Simon ML, Tari I (2011) Salicylic acid treatment via the rooting medium interferes with stomatal response, CO2 fixation rate and carbohydrate metabolism in tomato, and decreases harmful effects of subsequent salt stress. Plant Biol 13(1):105–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poór P, Borbely P, Bodi N, Bagyanszki M, Gorgenyi Tari I (2019a) Effects of salicylic acid on photosynthetic activity and chloroplast morphology under light and prolonged darkness. Photosyn 57:367–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poór P, Czékus Z, Tari I, Ördög A (2019b) The multifaceted roles of plant hormone salicylic acid in endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response. Int J Mol Sci 20(23):5842

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pushpavalli R, Quealy J, Colmer TD, Turner NC, Siddique KH, Rao MV, Vadez V (2016) Salt stress delayed flowering and reduced reproductive success of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a response associated with Na+ accumulation in leaves. J Agron Crop Sci 202(2):125–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qadir M, Quille’rou E, Nangia V, Murtaza G, Singh M, Thomas RJ, Drechsel P, Noble AD (2014) Economics of salt-induced land degradation and restoration. Nat Res Forum 38(4):282–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi M, Abdin M, Ahmad J, Iqbal M (2013) Effect of long-term salinity on cellular antioxidants, compatible solute and fatty acid profile of sweet Annie (Artemisia annua L.). Phytochem 95:215–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasheed F, Anjum NA, Masood A, Sofo A, Khan NA (2020) The key roles of salicylic acid and sulfur in plant salinity stress tolerance. J Plant Growth Regul. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10257-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richard LA (1954) Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils, United states Department of Agriculture, Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 60. US Government Printing Office, Washington 25, DC

  • Safari M, Mousavi-Fard S, Nejad AR, Sorkheh K, Sofo A (2021) Exogenous salicylic acid positively affects morpho-physiological and molecular responses of Impatiens walleriana plants grown under drought stress. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03092-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segev A, Badani H, Kapulnik Y, Shomer T, Oren- Shamir M, Galili S (2010) Determination of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants capacity in colored chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Food Sci 75(2):115–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Shahzad B, Kumar V, Kohli SK, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Handa N, Kapoor D, Bhardwaj R, Zheng BS (2019) Phytohormones regulate accumulation of osmolytes under abiotic stress. Biomolecules 9:285–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma V, Bhattacharyya S, Kumar R, Kumar A, Ibañez F, Wang J, Guo B, Sudini HK, Gopalakrishnan S, DasGupta M, Varshney RK, Pandey MK (2020) Molecular basis of root nodule symbiosis between Bradyrhizobium and ‘Crack-Entry’ legume groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Plants 9(2):276

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma A, Sidhu GPS, Araniti F, Bali AS, Shahzad B, Tripathi DK, Brestic M, Skalicky M, Landi M (2020b) The role of salicylic acid in plants exposed to heavy metals. Molecules 25:540–562

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shimoda Y, Nishigaya Y, Yamaya-Ito H, Inagaki N, Umehara Y, Hirakawa H, Sato S, Yamazaki T, Hayashi M (2020) The rhizobial autotransporter determines the symbiotic nitrogen fixation activity of Lotus japonicus in a host-specific manner. PNAS 117(3):1806–1815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh R, Hemantaranjan A, Patel PK (2015) Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) by intensifying antioxidant defense system and preventing salt-induced nitrate reductase (NR) activity loss. Legume Res Int J 38(2):202–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey G, McAlvin CB, Kim SY, Olivares J, Soto MJ (2006) Effects of endogenous salicylic acid on nodulation in the model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. Plant Physiol 141(4):1473–1481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Syeed S, Anjum NA, Nazar R, Iqbal N, Masood A, Khan NA (2011) Salicylic acid-mediated changes in photosynthesis, nutrients content and antioxidant metabolism in two mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Acta Physiol Plant 33(3):877–886

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tari I, Csiszár J, Horváth E, Poór P, Takács Z, Szepesi Á (2015) The alleviation of the adverse effects of salt stress in the tomato plant by salicylic acid shows a time-and organ-specific antioxidant response. Acta Biol Crac Ser Bot 57(1):21–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torre-González A, Navarro-León E, Albacete A, Blasco B, Ruiz JM (2017) Study of phytohormone profile and oxidative metabolism as key process to identification of salinity response in tomato commercial genotypes. J Plant Physiol 216:164–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torun H, Novák O, Mikulík J, Pěnčík A, Strnad M, Ayaz FA (2020) Timing-dependent effects of salicylic acid treatment on phytohormonal changes, ROS regulation, and antioxidant defense in salinized barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Sci Rep 10:13886

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vadez V, Rashmi M, Sindhu K, Muralidharan M, Pushpavalli R, Turner NC, Krishnamurthy L, Gaur PM, Colmer TD (2012) Large number of flowers and tertiary branches, and higher reproductive success increase yields under salt stress in chickpea. Eur J Agron 41:42–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Guo Y (2018) Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt stress responses. New Phytol 217(2):523–539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu L-L, Liu Y, Zhu F, Geng X-X, Yang Y, He Z-Q, Xu F (2020) The enhancement of salt stress tolerance by salicylic acid pretreatment in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol Plant 64:150–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahra S, Amin B, Ali VSM, Ali Y, Mehdi Y (2010) The salicylic acid effect on the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) sugar, protein and proline contents under salinity stress (NaCl). J Biophy Struc Biol 2(3):35–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaman M, Shahid SA, Pharis RP (2016) Salinity a serious threat to food security – where do we stand? Soils Newsletter 39:9–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao C, Zhang H, Song C, Zhu JK, Shabala S (2020) Mechanisms of plant responses and adaptation to soil salinity. Innovation 1(1):100017

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zörb C, Geilfus CM, Dietz KJ (2019) Salinity and crop yield. Plant Biol 21:31–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Akal University for providing research facilities for carrying out the investigations. The authors also extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2021/347), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Harmanjit Kaur and Sofi J. Hussain have equally contributed to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Akal University, Bathinda, Punjab, India

    Harmanjit Kaur & Gursharan Kaur

  2. Department of Botany, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Sofi J. Hussain

  3. Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

    Peter Poor

  4. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Saud Alamri & Manzer H. Siddiqui

  5. Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

    M. Iqbal R. Khan

Authors
  1. Harmanjit Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sofi J. Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gursharan Kaur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peter Poor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Saud Alamri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Manzer H. Siddiqui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. M. Iqbal R. Khan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

HK and MIRK involved in conceptualization and finalizing the manuscript. SJH, GK and HK participated in data curation. PP, SA and MHS analysed the data and helped in first draft.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Harmanjit Kaur or M. Iqbal R. Khan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Peter Poor.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 26 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kaur, H., Hussain, S.J., Kaur, G. et al. Salicylic Acid Improves Nitrogen Fixation, Growth, Yield and Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms in Chickpea Genotypes Under Salt Stress. J Plant Growth Regul 41, 2034–2047 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10592-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10592-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation