Abstract
We have developed a compact hyperspectral lidar system based on a continuous-wave (CW) 445 nm diode laser and a double Scheimpflug imaging arrangement. The light-weight construction allows the integration of the system on a commercial drone. Airborne, range-resolved spatial imaging of vegetation fluorescence is demonstrated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y.C. Xie, Z.Y. Sha, M. Yu, Remote sensing imagery in vegetation mapping: a review. J. Plant Ecol. 1, 9 (2008)
D. Blondeau-Patissier, J.F. Gower, A.G. Dekker, S.R. Phinn, V.E. Brando, A review of ocean color remote sensing methods and statistical techniques for the detection, mapping and analysis of phytoplankton blooms in coastal and open oceans. Prog. Oceanogr. 123, 123 (2014)
H.K. Lichtenthaler, U. Rinderle, The role of chlorophyll fluorescence in the detection of stress conditions in plants. CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 19, S29 (1988)
E.H. Murchie, T. Lawson, Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications. J. Exp. Bot. 64, 3983–3998 (2013)
I. Moya, A new instrument for passive remote sensing. 1. Measurements of sunlight induced fluorescence. Remote Sens. Environ. 91, 196 (2004)
M. Meroni, M. Rossini, L. Guanter, L. Alonso, U. Rascher, R. Colombo, J. Moreno, Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: review of methods and applications. Remote Sens. Environ. 113, 2037 (2009)
U. Rascher, L. Alonso, A. Burkart, C. Cilia, S. Cogliati, R. Colombo, A. Damm, M. Drusch, L. Guanter, J. Hanus, Sun-induced fluorescence—a new probe of photosynthesis: first maps from the imaging spectrometer HyPlant. Glob. Change Biol. 21, 4673–4684 (2015)
K. Guan, J.A. Berry, Y. Zhang, J. Joiner, L. Guanter, G. Badgley, D.B. Lobell, Improving the monitoring of crop productivity using spaceborne solar-induced fluorescence. Glob. Change Biol. 22, 716–726 (2016)
L. Guanter, Y. Zhang, M. Jung, J. Joiner, M. Voigt, J.A. Berry, C. Frankenberg, A.R. Huete, P. Zarco-Tejada, J.-E. Lee, Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, E1327–E1333 (2014)
C. Frankenberg et al., New global observations of the terrestrial carbon cycle from GOSAT: patterns of plant fluorescence with gross primary productivity. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L17706 (2011)
J. Joiner, L. Guanter, R. Lindstrot, M. Voigt, A.P. Vasilkov, E.M. Middleton, K.F. Huemmrich, Y. Yoshida, C. Frankenberg, Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate-spectral-resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: methodology, simulations, and application to GOME-2. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 6, 2803–2823 (2013)
ESA, Report for mission selection, FLEX, ESA SP-1330/2, European Space Agency, Noordwiik, The Netherlands (2015)
S. Svanberg, Fluorescence lidar monitoring of vegetation status. Phys. Scr. T58, 79 (1995)
S. Svanberg, Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging of lidar targets, Chap. 7, in Laser Remote Sensing, ed. by T. Fujii, T. Fukuchi (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2005), pp. 433–467
G.Y. Zhao, Z. Duan, L. Ming, Y.Y. Li, R.P. Chen, J.D. Hu, S. Svanberg, Y.L. Han, Reflectance and fluorescence characterization of maize species using laboratory measurements and lidar remote sensing. Appl. Opt. 55, 5273 (2016)
Z. Duan, T. Peng, S.M. Zhu, M. Lian, Y.Y. Li, W. Fu, J.B. Xiong, S. Svanberg, Q.Z. Zhao, J.D. Hu, G.Y. Zhao, Optical characterization of Chinese hybrid rice using laser-induced fluorescence techniques—laboratory and remote-sensing measurements. Appl. Opt. 57, 3481 (2018)
G.A. Chapelle, L.A. Franks, D.A. Jessup, Aerial testing of a KrF laser-based fluorosensor. Appl. Opt. 22, 3382 (1983)
V. Drozdowska, Seasonal and spatial variability of surface seawater fluorescence properties in the Baltic and Nordic Seas: results of lidar experiments. Oceanologia 49, 59–69 (2007)
J. Cuesta, P. Chazette, T. Allouis, P.H. Flamant, S. Durrieu, J. Sanak, P. Genau, D. Guyon, D. Loustau, C. Flamant, Observing the forest canopy with a new ultra-violet compact airborne lidar. Sensors (Basel) 10, 7386 (2010)
A. Ounis, J. Bach, A. Mahjoub, F. Daumard, I. Moya, Y. Goulas, A new airborne lidar for remote sensing of canopy fluorescence and vertical profile, in EPJ Web of Conferences (2016), p. 25019
M.A. Lefsky, W.B. Cohen, G.G. Parker, D.J. Harding, Lidar remote sensing for ecosystem studies: lidar, an emerging remote sensing technology that directly measures the three-dimensional distribution of plant canopies, can accurately estimate vegetation structural attributes and should be of particular interest to forest, landscape, and global ecologists. Bioscience 52, 19 (2002)
M.A. Wulder, J.C. White, R.F. Nelson, E. Næsset, H.O. Ørka, N.C. Coops, T. Hilker, C.W. Bater, T. Gobakken, Lidar sampling for large-area forest characterization: a review. Remote Sens. Environ. 121, 196 (2012)
M. Maltamo, E. Næsset, J. Vauhkonen, Forestry applications of airborne laser scanning, concepts and case studies. Manag. Ecosyst. 27, 2014 (2014)
H. Churnside, Review of profiling oceanographic lidar. Opt. Eng. 53, 051405 (2014)
L. Tang, G.F. Shao, Drone remote sensing for forestry research and practices. J. For. Res. 26, 791 (2015)
K. Whitehead, C.H. Hugenholtz, Remote sensing of the environment with small unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), part 1: a review of progress and challenges. J. Unmanned Veh. Syst. 2, 69 (2014)
S. Nakamura, Background story of the invention of efficient InGaN blue-light-emitting diodes (Nobel lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 7770–7788 (2015)
M. Brydegaard, A. Merdasa, A. Gebru, H. Jayaweera, S. Svanberg, Realistic instrumentation platform for active and passive optical remote sensing. Appl. Spectrosc. 70, 372 (2016)
M. Brydegaard, A. Gebru, S. Svanberg, Super resolution laser radar with blinking atmospheric particles—application to interacting flying insects. Prog. Electromagn. Res. 147, 141 (2014)
E. Malmqvist, S. Jansson, S. Torok, M. Brydegaard, Effective parameterization of laser radar observations of atmospheric fauna. IEEE J. Select. Top. Quantum Electron. 22, 327 (2016)
S.M. Zhu, E. Malmqvist, W.S. Li, S. Jansson, Y.Y. Li, Z. Duan, K. Svanberg, H.Q. Feng, Z.W. Song, G.Y. Zhao, M. Brydegaard, S. Svanberg, Insect abundance over Chinese rice fields in relation to environmental parameters, studied with a polarization-sensitive CW near-IR lidar system. Appl. Phys. B 123, 211 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-017-6784-x
G.Y. Zhao, M. Ljungholm, E. Malmqvist, G. Bianco, L.A. Hansson, S. Svanberg, M. Brydegaard, Inelastic hyperspectral lidar for profiling aquatic ecosystems. Lasers Photonics Rev. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201600093
G. Zhao, E. Malmqvist, K. Rydhmer, A. Strand, G. Bianco, L.-A. Hansson, S. Svanberg, M. Brydegaard, Inelastic hyperspectral lidar for aquatic monitoring and landscape plant scanning test, ILRC28. Bucharest 176, 1003 (2017)
J. Erdkamp, J. Marriage, Theodor Scheimpflug—the life and work of the man who gave us that rule. Photographica World 3, 29–38 (2012)
S. Svanberg, LIDAR, in Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, 2nd edn. ed. by F. Träger (Springer, Heidelberg, 2012), p. 1146
E. Malmqvist, M. Brydegaard, M. Aldén, J. Bood, Scheimpflug lidar for combustion diagnostics. Opt. Express 26, 14842 (2018)
L. Mei, M. Brydegaard, Atmospheric aerosol monitoring by an elastic Scheimpflug lidar system. Opt. Express 23, A1613–A1628 (2015)
M. Brydegaard, E. Malmqvist, S. Jansson, J. Larsson, S. Török, G. Zhao, The Scheimpflug lidar method, in Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 10406 (2017)
J.M. Romero, G.B. Cordon, M.G. Lagorio, Modeling re-absorption of fluorescence from the leaf to the canopy level. Remote Sens. Environ. 204, 138–146 (2018)
H. Edner, J. Johansson, S. Svanberg, E. Wallinder, G. Cecchi, L. Pantani, Fluorescence lidar monitoring of the Arno river, EARSEL. Adv. Remote Sens. 1, 42 (1992)
A.J. Lawaetz, C.A. Stedmon, Fluorescence intensity calibration using the Raman scatter peak of water. Appl. Spectrosc. 63, 936–940 (2009)
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the continuing support from Professors Sailing He and Guofu Zhou. We are also very grateful to Ying Li, Ying Li, and Jinlei Wang for assistance in the measurements and Klas Rydhmer, Alfred Strand, and Mikael Ljungholm for contributions in the early work on hyperspectral Scheimpflug systems. This work was supported by the Guangdong Province Innovation Research Team Program (2010001D0104799318), the National Science Foundation of China (61705069), the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology through the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1407503), and by Spectraray Inc.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X., Duan, Z., Brydegaard, M. et al. Drone-based area scanning of vegetation fluorescence height profiles using a miniaturized hyperspectral lidar system. Appl. Phys. B 124, 207 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-018-7078-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-018-7078-7