Skip to main content
Log in

MR-guided endovascular interventions: a comprehensive review on techniques and applications

  • Vascular-Interventional
  • Published:
European Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The magnetic resonance (MR) guidance of endovascular interventions is probably one of the greatest challenges of clinical MR research. MR angiography is not only an imaging tool for the vasculature but can also simultaneously depict high tissue contrast, including the differentiation of the vascular wall and perivascular tissues, as well as vascular function. Several hurdles had to be overcome to allow MR guidance for endovascular interventions. MR hardware and sequence design had to be developed to achieve acceptable patient access and to allow real-time or near real-time imaging. The development of interventional devices, both applicable and safe for MR imaging (MRI), was also mandatory. The subject of this review is to summarize the latest developments in real-time MRI hardware, MRI, visualization tools, interventional devices, endovascular tracking techniques, actual applications and safety issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rhee TK, Larson AC, Prasad PV, Santos E, Sato KT, Salem R, Deng J, Paunesku T, Woloschak GE, Mulcahy MF, Li D, Omary RA (2005) Feasibility of blood oxygenation level-dependent MR imaging to monitor hepatic transcatheter arterial embolization in rabbits. J Vasc Interv Radiol 16:1523–1528

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wacker FK (2004) [Interventionel MRT: current inventory and preview]. Rofo 176:941–943

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ozturk C, Guttman M, McVeigh ER, Lederman RJ (2005) Magnetic resonance imaging-guided vascular interventions. Top Magn Reson Imaging 16:369–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wacker FK, Hillenbrand CM, Duerk JL, Lewin JS (2005) MR-guided endovascular interventions: device visualization, tracking, navigation, clinical applications, and safety aspects. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 13:431–439

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Schulz T, Puccini S, Schneider JP, Kahn T (2004) Interventional and intraoperative MR: review and update of techniques and clinical experience. Eur Radiol 14:2212–2227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Smits HF, Bos C, van der Weide R, Bakker CJ (1999) Interventional MR: vascular applications. Eur Radiol 9:1488–1495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wacker FK, Bock M (2007) [Magnetic resonance imaging-guided endovascular interventions]. Rofo 179:355–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Shellock FG, Crues JV (2004) MR procedures: biologic effects, safety, and patient care. Radiology 232:635–652

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Silverman SG, Tuncali K, Morrison PR (2005) MR imaging-guided percutaneous tumor ablation. Acad Radiol 12:1100–1109

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wacker FK, Hillenbrand C, Elgort DR, Zhang S, Duerk JL, Lewin JS (2005) MR imaging-guided percutaneous angioplasty and stent placement in a swine model comparison of open- and closed-bore scanners. Acad Radiol 12:1085–1088

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Buecker A, Spuentrup E, Schmitz-Rode T, Kinzel S, Pfeffer J, Hohl C, van Vaals JJ, Gunther RW (2004) Use of a nonmetallic guide wire for magnetic resonance-guided coronary artery catheterization. Invest Radiol 39:656–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Razavi R, Hill DL, Keevil SF, Miquel ME, Muthurangu V, Hegde S, Rhode K, Barnett M, van Vaals J, Hawkes DJ, Baker E (2003) Cardiac catheterisation guided by MRI in children and adults with congenital heart disease. Lancet 362:1877–1882

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dick AJ, Raman VK, Raval AN, Guttman MA, Thompson RB, Ozturk C, Peters DC, Stine AM, Wright VJ, Schenke WH, Lederman RJ (2005) Invasive human magnetic resonance imaging: feasibility during revascularization in a combined XMR suite. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 64:265–274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Vogl TJ, Balzer JO, Mack MG, Bett G, Oppelt A (2002) Hybrid MR interventional imaging system: combined MR and angiography suites with single interactive table. Feasibility study in vascular liver tumor procedures. Eur Radiol 12:1394–1400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Fahrig R, Butts K, Rowlands JA, Saunders R, Stanton J, Stevens GM, Daniel BL, Wen Z, Ergun DL, Pelc NJ (2001) A truly hybrid interventional MR/X-ray system: feasibility demonstration. J Magn Reson Imaging 13:294–300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wildermuth S, Debatin JF, Leung DA, Dumoulin CL, Darrow RD, Uhlschmid G, Hofmann E, Thyregod J, von Schulthess GK (1997) MR imaging-guided intravascular procedures: initial demonstration in a pig model. Radiology 202:578–583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Huegli RW, Aschwanden M, Bongartz G, Jaeger K, Heidecker HG, Thalhammer C, Schulte AC, Hashagen C, Jacob AL, Bilecen D (2006) Intraarterial MR angiography and DSA in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: prospective comparison. Radiology 239:901–908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Huegli RW, Aschwanden M, Scheffler K, Bilecen D (2006) Fluoroscopic contrast-enhanced MR angiography with a magnetization-prepared steady-state free precession technique in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:242–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wyttenbach R, Gallino A, Alerci M, Mahler F, Cozzi L, Di Valentino M, Badimon JJ, Fuster V, Corti R (2004) Effects of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and endovascular brachytherapy on vascular remodeling of human femoropopliteal artery by noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 110:1156–1161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bakker CJ, Hoogeveen RM, Hurtak WF, van Vaals JJ, Viergever MA, Mali WP (1997) MR-guided endovascular interventions: susceptibility-based catheter and near-real-time imaging technique. Radiology 202:273–276

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bock M, Muller S, Zuehlsdorff S, Speier P, Fink C, Hallscheidt P, Umathum R, Semmler W (2006) Active catheter tracking using parallel MRI and real-time image reconstruction. Magn Reson Med 55:1454–1459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang H, Maki JH, Prince MR (2007) 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 25:13–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Potthast S, Schulte AC, Bongartz GM, Hugli R, Aschwanden M, Bilecen D (2005) Low-dose intra-arterial contrast-enhanced MR aortography in patients based on a theoretically derived injection protocol. Eur Radiol 15:2347–2353

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lin SP, Brown JJ (2007) MR contrast agents: physical and pharmacologic basics. J Magn Reson Imaging 25:884–899

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Maes RM, Lewin JS, Duerk JL, Wacker FK (2005) Combined use of the intravascular blood-pool agent, gadomer, and carbon dioxide: a novel type of double-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). J Magn Reson Imaging 21:645–649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Goyen M, Shamsi K, Schoenberg SO (2006) Vasovist-enhanced MR angiography. Eur Radiol 16(Suppl 2):B9–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Omary RA, Gehl JA, Schirf BE, Green JD, Lu B, Pereles FS, Huang J, Larson AC, Li D (2006) MR imaging- versus conventional X-ray fluoroscopy-guided renal angioplasty in swine: prospective randomized comparison. Radiology 238:489–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Duerk JL, Butts K, Hwang KP, Lewin JS (2000) Pulse sequences for interventional magnetic resonance imaging. Top Magn Reson Imaging 11:147–162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hennig J, Scheffler K, Laubenberger J, Strecker R (1997) Time-resolved projection angiography after bolus injection of contrast agent. Magn Reson Med 37:341–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang Y, Johnston DL, Breen JF, Huston J 3rd, Jack CR, Julsrud PR, Kiely MJ, King BF, Riederer SL, Ehman RL (1996) Dynamic MR digital subtraction angiography using contrast enhancement, fast data acquisition, and complex subtraction. Magn Reson Med 36:551–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Bos C, Bakker CJ, Viergever MA (2001) Background suppression using magnetization preparation for contrast-enhanced MR projection angiography. Magn Reson Med 46:78–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Quick HH, Kuehl H, Kaiser G, Hornscheidt D, Mikolajczyk KP, Aker S, Debatin JF, Ladd ME (2003) Interventional MRA using actively visualized catheters, TrueFISP, and real-time image fusion. Magn Reson Med 49:129–137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kaul MG, Stork A, Bansmann PM, Nolte-Ernsting C, Lund GK, Weber C, Adam G (2004) Evaluation of balanced steady-state free precession (TrueFISP) and K-space segmented gradient echo sequences for 3D coronary MR angiography with navigator gating at 3 Tesla. Rofo 176:1560–1565

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bieri O, Markl M, Scheffler K (2005) Analysis and compensation of eddy currents in balanced SSFP. Magn Reson Med 54:129–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Griswold MA, Jakob PM, Heidemann RM, Nittka M, Jellus V, Wang J, Kiefer B, Haase A (2002) Generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA). Magn Reson Med 47:1202–1210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. van Vaals JJ, Brummer ME, Dixon WT, Tuithof HH, Engels H, Nelson RC, Gerety BM, Chezmar JL, den Boer JA (1993) “Keyhole” method for accelerating imaging of contrast agent uptake. J Magn Reson Imaging 3:671–675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Potthast S, Bongartz GM, Huegli R, Schulte AC, Schwarz JG, Aschwanden M, Bilecen D (2007) Intraarterial contrast-enhanced MR aortography with and without parallel acquisition technique in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188:823–829

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Araki T, Aoki S, Ishigame K, Kumagai H, Nanbu A, Hori M, Ueki J, Komiyama T, Araki T (2002) MR-guided intravascular catheter manipulation: feasibility of both active and passive tracking in experimental study and initial clinical applications. Radiat Med 20:1–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Unal O, Li J, Cheng W, Yu H, Strother CM (2006) MR-visible coatings for endovascular device visualization. J Magn Reson Imaging 23:763–769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Mekle R, Hofmann E, Scheffler K, Bilecen D (2006) A polymer-based MR-compatible guidewire: a study to explore new prospects for interventional peripheral magnetic resonance angiography (ipMRA). J Magn Reson Imaging 23:145–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bakker CJ, Hoogeveen RM, Weber J, van Vaals JJ, Viergever MA, Mali WP (1996) Visualization of dedicated catheters using fast scanning techniques with potential for MR-guided vascular interventions. Magn Reson Med 36:816–820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bakker CJ, Bos C, Weinmann HJ (2001) Passive tracking of catheters and guidewires by contrast-enhanced MR fluoroscopy. Magn Reson Med 45:17–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Godart F, Beregi JP, Nicol L, Occelli B, Vincentelli A, Daanen V, Rey C, Rousseau J (2000) MR-guided balloon angioplasty of stenosed aorta: in vivo evaluation using near-standard instruments and a passive tracking technique. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:639–644

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ladd ME, Quick HH, Debatin JF (2000) Interventional MRA and intravascular imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:534–546

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bakker CJ, Seppenwoolde JH, Bartels LW, van der Weide R (2004) Adaptive subtraction as an aid in MR-guided placement of catheters and guidewires. J Magn Reson Imaging 20:470–474

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Omary RA, Frayne R, Unal O, Warner T, Korosec FR, Mistretta CA, Strother CM, Grist TM (2000) MR-guided angioplasty of renal artery stenosis in a pig model: a feasibility study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 11:373–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Serfaty JM, Atalar E, Declerck J, Karmakar P, Quick HH, Shunk KA, Heldman AW, Yang X (2000) Real-time projection MR angiography: feasibility study. Radiology 217:290–295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Dumoulin CL, Souza SP, Darrow RD (1993) Real-time position monitoring of invasive devices using magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Med 29:411–415

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Flask C, Elgort D, Wong E, Shankaranarayanan A, Lewin J, Wendt M, Duerk JL (2001) A method for fast 3D tracking using tuned fiducial markers and a limited projection reconstruction FISP (LPR-FISP) sequence. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:617–627

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Burl M, Coutts GA, Young IR (1996) Tuned fiducial markers to identify body locations with minimal perturbation of tissue magnetization. Magn Reson Med 36:491–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wendt M, Busch M, Wetzler R, Zhang Q, Melzer A, Wacker F, Duerk JL, Lewin JS (1998) Shifted rotated keyhole imaging and active tip-tracking for interventional procedure guidance. J Magn Reson Imaging 8:258–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Zuehlsdorff S, Umathum R, Volz S, Hallscheidt P, Fink C, Semmler W, Bock M (2004) MR coil design for simultaneous tip tracking and curvature delineation of a catheter. Magn Reson Med 52:214–218

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Weiss S, Kuehne T, Brinkert F, Krombach G, Katoh M, Schaeffter T, Guenther RW, Buecker A (2004) In vivo safe catheter visualization and slice tracking using an optically detunable resonant marker. Magn Reson Med 52:860–868

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bock M, Volz S, Zuhlsdorff S, Umathum R, Fink C, Hallscheidt P, Semmler W (2004) MR-guided intravascular procedures: real-time parameter control and automated slice positioning with active tracking coils. J Magn Reson Imaging 19:580–589

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Elgort DR, Wong EY, Hillenbrand CM, Wacker FK, Lewin JS, Duerk JL (2003) Real-time catheter tracking and adaptive imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 18:621–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wacker FK, Elgort D, Hillenbrand CM, Duerk JL, Lewin JS (2004) The catheter-driven MRI scanner: a new approach to intravascular catheter tracking and imaging-parameter adjustment for interventional MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:391–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Glowinski A, Adam G, Bucker A, Neuerburg J, van Vaals JJ, Gunther RW (1997) Catheter visualization using locally induced, actively controlled field inhomogeneities. Magn Reson Med 38:253–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Weiss S, Vernickel P, Schaeffter T, Schulz V, Gleich B (2005) Transmission line for improved RF safety of interventional devices. Magn Reson Med 54:182–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ladd ME, Quick HH (2000) Reduction of resonant RF heating in intravascular catheters using coaxial chokes. Magn Reson Med 43:615–619

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Buecker A, Adam GB, Neuerburg JM, Kinzel S, Glowinski A, Schaeffter T, Rasche V, van Vaals JJ, Guenther RW (2002) Simultaneous real-time visualization of the catheter tip and vascular anatomy for MR-guided PTA of iliac arteries in an animal model. J Magn Reson Imaging 16:201–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Quick HH, Zenge MO, Kuehl H, Kaiser G, Aker S, Massing S, Bosk S, Ladd ME (2005) Interventional magnetic resonance angiography with no strings attached: wireless active catheter visualization. Magn Reson Med 53:446–455

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wong EY, Zhang Q, Duerk JL, Lewin JS, Wendt M (2000) An optical system for wireless detuning of parallel resonant circuits. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:632–638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bock M, Umathum R, Sikora J, Brenner S, Aguor EN, Semmler W (2006) A Faraday effect position sensor for interventional magnetic resonance imaging. Phys Med Biol 51:999–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Scheffler K, Korvink JG (2004) Navigation with Hall sensor device for interventional MRI. In: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Kyoto,, 2004, p 950

  65. Bakker CJ, Smits HF, Bos C, van der Weide R, Zuiderveld KJ, van Vaals JJ, Hurtak WF, Viergever MA, Mali WP (1998) MR-guided balloon angioplasty: in vitro demonstration of the potential of MRI for guiding, monitoring, and evaluating endovascular interventions. J Magn Reson Imaging 8:245–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Liu CY, Farahani K, Lu DS, Duckwiler G, Oppelt A (2000) Safety of MRI-guided endovascular guidewire applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:75–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Nitz WR, Oppelt A, Renz W, Manke C, Lenhart M, Link J (2001) On the heating of linear conductive structures as guide wires and catheters in interventional MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 13:105–114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Wildermuth S, Dumoulin CL, Pfammatter T, Maier SE, Hofmann E, Debatin JF (1998) MR-guided percutaneous angioplasty: assessment of tracking safety, catheter handling and functionality. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 21:404–410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Manke C, Nitz WR, Lenhart M, Volk M, Geissler A, Djavidani B, Strotzer M, Kasprzak P, Feuerbach S, Link J (2000) [Stent angioplasty of pelvic artery stenosis with MRI control: initial clinical results]. Rofo 172:92–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Thomsen HS (2006) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: a serious late adverse reaction to gadodiamide. Eur Radiol 16:2619–2621

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Rubin DL, Ratner AV, Young SW (1990) Magnetic susceptibility effects and their application in the development of new ferromagnetic catheters for magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 25:1325–1332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bucker A, Neuerburg JM, Adam G, Schurmann K, Rasche V, van Vaals JJ, Molgaard-Nielsen A, Gunther RW (1998) [Stent placement with real time MRI guidance: initial animal experiment experiences]. Rofo 169:655–657

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lardo AC, McVeigh ER, Jumrussirikul P, Berger RD, Calkins H, Lima J, Halperin HR (2000) Visualization and temporal/spatial characterization of cardiac radiofrequency ablation lesions using magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102:698–705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wacker FK, Reither K, Ebert W, Wendt M, Lewin JS, Wolf KJ (2003) MR image-guided endovascular procedures with the ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide SH U 555 C as an intravascular contrast agent: study in pigs. Radiology 226:459–464

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Eggebrecht H, Kuhl H, Kaiser GM, Aker S, Zenge MO, Stock F, Breuckmann F, Grabellus F, Ladd ME, Mehta RH, Erbel R, Quick HH (2006) Feasibility of real-time magnetic resonance-guided stent-graft placement in a swine model of descending aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 27:613–620

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bucker A, Neuerburg JM, Adam G, Glowinski A, van Vaals JJ, Gunther RW (2003) [MR-guided coil embolisation of renal arteries in an animal model]. Rofo 175:271–274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fink C, Bock M, Umathum R, Volz S, Zuehlsdorff S, Grobholz R, Kauczor HU, Hallscheidt P (2004) Renal embolization: feasibility of magnetic resonance-guidance using active catheter tracking and intraarterial magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol 39:111–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Buecker A, Spuentrup E, Grabitz R, Freudenthal F, Muehler EG, Schaeffter T, van Vaals JJ, Gunther RW (2002) Magnetic resonance-guided placement of atrial septal closure device in animal model of patent foramen ovale. Circulation 106:511–515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Spuentrup E, Ruebben A, Schaeffter T, Manning WJ, Gunther RW, Buecker A (2002) Magnetic resonance-guided coronary artery stent placement in a swine model. Circulation 105:874–879

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Serfaty JM, Yang X, Foo TK, Kumar A, Derbyshire A, Atalar E (2003) MRI-guided coronary catheterization and PTCA: a feasibility study on a dog model. Magn Reson Med 49:258–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kee ST, Rhee JS, Butts K, Daniel B, Pauly J, Kerr A, O’Sullivan GJ, Sze DY, Razavi MK, Semba CP, Herfkens RJ, Dake MD (1999) 1999 Gary J. Becker Young Investigator Award. MR-guided transjugular portosystemic shunt placement in a swine model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 10:529–535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mahnken AH, Chalabi K, Jalali F, Gunther RW, Buecker A (2004) Magnetic resonance-guided placement of aortic stents grafts: feasibility with real-time magnetic resonance fluoroscopy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15:189–195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Bucker A, Neuerburg JM, Adam GB, Glowinski A, Schaeffter T, Rasche V, van Vaals JJ, Gunther RW (2001) Real-time MR Guidance for inferior vena cava filter placement in an animal model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 12:753–756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kuehne T, Yilmaz S, Meinus C, Moore P, Saeed M, Weber O, Higgins CB, Blank T, Elsaesser E, Schnackenburg B, Ewert P, Lange PE, Nagel E (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging-guided transcatheter implantation of a prosthetic valve in aortic valve position: feasibility study in swine. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:2247–2249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Paetzel C, Zorger N, Bachthaler M, Hamer OW, Stehr A, Feuerbach S, Lenhart M, Volk M, Herold T, Kasprzak P, Nitz WR (2005) Magnetic resonance-guided percutaneous angioplasty of femoral and popliteal artery stenoses using real-time imaging and intra-arterial contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. Invest Radiol 40:257–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Krombach GA, Baireuther R, Higgins CB, Saeed M (2004) Distribution of intramyocardially injected extracellular MR contrast medium: effects of concentration and volume. Eur Radiol 14:334–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Saeed M, Saloner D, Weber O, Martin A, Henk C, Higgins C (2005) MRI in guiding and assessing intramyocardial therapy. Eur Radiol 15:851–863

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sebastian Kos.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kos, S., Huegli, R., Bongartz, G.M. et al. MR-guided endovascular interventions: a comprehensive review on techniques and applications. Eur Radiol 18, 645–657 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-007-0818-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-007-0818-4

Keywords

Navigation