Skip to main content
Log in

Lymphknoten- und Organmetastasen des Schilddrüsenkarzinoms

Metastasen in der Schilddrüse

Lymph node and distant metastases of thyroid gland cancer

Metastases in the thyroid glands

  • Hauptreferate: Metastasierungsmechanismen
  • Published:
Der Pathologe Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die unterschiedliche Biologie der wichtigsten Entitäten des Schilddrüsenkarzinoms (papilläres, follikuläres, gering differenziertes, anaplastisches und medulläres Karzinom) beruht überwiegend auf deren unterschiedlichem Metastasierungsverhalten. Papilläre Karzinome (PTC) metastasieren fast ausschließlich lymphogen in 20–50 % der Fälle in Halslymphknoten, während Fernmetastasen in < 5 % auftreten. Eine zervikale Lymphadenopathie kann das erste Symptom eines papillären (Mikro-)Karzinoms sein. Im Gegensatz dazu metastasieren follikuläre Karzinome (FTC) praktisch nur hämatogen; insgesamt zeigen 10–20 % der FTC Fernmetastasierung. Bei Diagnosestellung zeigt ein Drittel der medullären Karzinome (MTC) Lymphknotenmetastasen und in 10–15 % Fernmetastasen; weitere 25 % entwickeln Metastasen während des Krankheitsverlaufs. Gering differenzierte (PDTC) und anaplastische Karzinome (ATC) metastasieren sowohl hämatogen als auch lymphogen. In differenzierten Karzinomen (PTC, FTC) sind Fernmetastasen somit relativ selten und im Falle des Auftretens meist noch mit einer geringen Tendenz zur Progression verbunden. Die am häufigsten betroffenen Organe sind die Lungen und Knochen. Metastasen in Gehirn, Brustdrüse, Leber, Nieren, Muskel und Haut sind relativ selten oder selten. Die Schilddrüse kann auch das Zielorgan anderer Malignome sein. In Autopsieserien von Patienten mit metastasierendem Tumorleiden ließen sich Schilddrüsenmetastasen in bis zu 10 % der Fälle nachweisen. In Schilddrüsenoperationspräparaten bei klinischem Malignitätsverdacht fanden sich in 1,4–3 % der Fälle Metastasen anderer Organtumoren. Am häufigsten metastasieren Nierenzellkarzinome (48,1 %), kolorektale Karzinome (10,4 %), Lungenkarzinome (8,3 %), Mammakarzinome (7,8 %) und überraschend häufig Sarkome (4 %) in die Schilddrüse.

Abstract

The different biological features of the various major entities of thyroid cancer, e.g. papillary, follicular, poorly differentiated, anaplastic and medullary, depend to a large extent on their different metastatic spread. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has a propensity for cervical lymphatic spread that occurs in 20–50 % of patients whereas distant metastasis occurs in < 5 % of cases. Cervical lymphadenopathy may be the first symptom particularly of (micro) PTC. In contrast follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) has a marked propensity for vascular but not lymphatic invasion and 10–20 % of FTC develop distant metastases. At the time of diagnosis approximately one third of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cases show lymph node metastases, in 10–15 % distant metastases and 25 % develop metastases during the course of the disease. Poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) spread via both lymphatic and vascular invasion. Thus distant metastases are relatively uncommon in DTC and when they occur, long-term stable disease is the typical clinical course. The major sites of distant metastases are the lungs and bone. Metastases to the brain, breasts, liver, kidneys, muscle and skin are relatively rare or even rare. The thyroid gland itself can be a site of metastases from a variety of other tumors. In autopsy series of patients with disseminated cancer disease, metastases to the thyroid gland were found in up to 10 % of cases. Metastases from other primary tumors to the thyroid gland have been reported in 1.4–3 % of patients who have surgery for suspected cancer of the thyroid gland. The most common primary cancers that metastasize to the thyroid gland are renal cell (48.1 %), colorectal (10.4 %), lung (8.3 %) and breast cancer (7.8 %) and surprisingly often sarcomas (4.0 %).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1

Literatur

  1. Booya F, Sebo TJ, Kasperbauer JL, Fatourechi V (2006) Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: report of ten cases. Thyroid 16:89–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Carcangiu ML, Zampi G, Pupi A, Castagnoli A, Rosai J (1985) Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 241 cases treated at the University of Florence, Italy. Cancer 55:805–828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chan JKC (2007) Tumors of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In: Fletcher CDM (Hrsg) Diagnostic Histopathology of Tumors, Chapter 18, Bd 2, 3. Aufl. Churchill Livingstone, London, S 997–1079

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chung AY, Tran TB, Brumund KT, Weisman RA, Bouvet M (2012) Metastases to the thyroid: a review of the literature from the last decade. Thyroid 22:258–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Collini P, Sampietro G, Rosai J, Pilotti S (2003) Minimally invasive (encapsulated) follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland is the low-risk counterpart of widely invasive follicular carcinoma but not of insular carcinoma. Virchows Arch 442:71–76

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Collini P, Sampietro G, Pilotti S (2004) Extensive vascular invasion is a marker of risk of relapse in encapsulated non-Hürthle cell follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathological study of 18 consecutive cases from a single institution with a 11-year median follow-up. Histopathology 44:35–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Comen EA (2012) Tracking the seed and tending the soil: evolving concepts in metastatic breast cancer. Discov Med 14:97–104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz PU, Eng C (2004) WHO histological classification of thyroid and parathyroid tumours. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology & Genetics. Tumours of Endocrine Organs. IARC Press, Lyon

    Google Scholar 

  9. Durante C, Haddy N, Baudin E et al (2006) Long-term outcome of 444 patients with distant metastases from papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma: benefits and limits of radioiodine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91(8):2892–2899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dwight T, Thoppe SR, Foukakis T et al (2003) Involvement of the PAX8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma rearrangement in follicular thyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4440–4445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fernandes JK, Day TA, Richardson MS, Sharma AK (2005) Overview of the management of differentiated thyroid cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 6:47–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gimm O, Rath FW, Dralle H (1998) Pattern of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Br J Surg 85:252–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ghossein RA, Hiltzik DH, Carlson DL et al (2006) Prognostic factors of recurrence in encapsulated Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic study of 50 cases. Cancer 106:1669–1676

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. van Heerden JA, Hay ID, Goellner JR et al (1992) Follicular thyroid carcinoma with capsular invasion alone: a nonthreatening malignancy. Surgery 112:1130–1136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Husemann Y, Geigl JB, Schubert F et al (2008) Systemic spread is an early step in breast cancer. Cancer Cell 13:58–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kim TY, Kim WB, Gong G, Hong SJ, Shong YK (2005) Metastasis to the thyroid diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:236–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kitamura Y, Shimizu K, Nagahama M et al (1999) Immediate causes of death in thyroid carcinoma: clinicopathological analysis of 161 fatal cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4043–4049

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lang W, Choritz H, Hundeshagen H (1986) Risk factors in follicular thyroid carcinomas. A retrospective follow-up study covering a 14-year period with emphasis on morphological findings. Am J Surg Pathol 10:246–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. LiVolsi VA (1990) Surgical pathology of the thyroid. Major problems in pathology, Bd 22. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT (2001) Clinical review 128: Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1447–1463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nikiforova MN, Biddinger PW, Caudill CM, Kroll TG, Nikiforov YE (2002) PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1016–1023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nixon IJ, Whitcher MM, Palmer FL et al (2012) The impact of distant metastases at presentation on prognosis in patients with differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Thyroid 22:884–889

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Phay JE, Ringel MD (2013) Metastatic mechanisms in follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 20:R307–R319

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ringel MD (2011) Metastatic dormancy and progression in thyroid cancer: targeting cells in the metastatic frontier. Thyroid 21:487–492

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rosai J, DeLellis RA, Carciangiu ML, Frable WJ, Tallini J (2015) Tumors of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Series 4, Bd 21. ARP Press, Silver Spring, Maryland, S 325–330

  26. Sabra MM, Dominguez JM, Grewal RK et al (2013) Clinical outcomes and molecular profile of differentiated thyroid cancers with radioiodine-avid distant metastases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(5):E829–E836

    Google Scholar 

  27. Schmid KW (2010) Pathogenesis, classification, and histology of thyroid cancer. Onkologe 16:644–656

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Schmid KW, Führer D (2015) The role of molecular pathology in thyroid cancer. Tumor diagnostics, cytology and targeted therapy. Onkologe, epub vor Druck

  29. Schmid KW, Hittmair A, Ofner C, Tötsch M, Ladurner D (1991) Metastatic tumors in fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. Acta Cytol 35:722–724

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR (1997) Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting initially with distant metastasis. Am J Surg 174:474–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shimaoka K, Sokal JE, Pickren JW (1962) Metastatic neoplasms in the thyroid gland. Pathological and clinical findings. Cancer 15:557–565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Smallridge RC, Marlow LA, Copland JA (2009) Anaplastic thyroid cancer: molecular pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 16:17–44

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Syed MI, Stewart M, Syed S et al (2011) Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: primary or secondary disease? J Laryngol Otol 125:3–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Takano T (2007) Fetal cell carcinogenesis of the thyroid: theory and practice. Semin Cancer Biol 17:233–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tallini G, Santoro M, Helie M et al (1998) RET/PTC oncogene activation defines a subset of papillary thyroid carcinomas lacking evidence of progression to poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res 4:287–294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Tiedje V, Schmid KW, Weber F, Bockisch A, Führer D (2015) Differentiated thyroid cancer. Internist (Berl) 56:153–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ting S, Synoracki S, Bockisch A, Führer D, Schmid KW (2015) Die klinische Bedeutung der Schilddrüsenzytologie. Pathologe, in Begutachtung

  38. Thompson LD, Wieneke JA, Paal E, Frommelt RA, Adair CF, Heffess CS (2001) A clinicopathologic study of minimally invasive follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland with a review of the English literature. Cancer 91:505–524

  39. Tubiana M, Schlumberger M, Rougier P et al (1985) Long-term results and prognostic factors in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 55:794–804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yachida S, Jones S, Bozic I et al (2010) Distant metastasis occurs late during the genetic evolution of pancreatic cancer. Nature 467:1114–1117

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K.W. Schmid.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

K.W. Schmid gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

The supplement this article is part of is not sponsored by the industry.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schmid, K. Lymphknoten- und Organmetastasen des Schilddrüsenkarzinoms. Pathologe 36 (Suppl 2), 171–175 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0071-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-015-0071-6

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation