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Carbonation sludge reinforced LDPE composites: flame-retardant, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal degradation behaviors

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Abstract

This study presents the characterization and thermal kinetic analysis of LDPE/carbonation sludge composites with different weight fractions (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). Tensile, Young's modulus, hardness, morphological, thermal stability, flame retardant and dynamic mechanical properties of the produced LDPE/carbonation sludge composites were evaluated and compared. Analysis results revealed that the incorporation of calcium carbonate-based industrial waste into the LDPE matrix decreased tensile strength by 27.6%, while Young's modulus and hardness enhanced by 101.67% and 23.8%, respectively. A remarkable enhancement in both storage (Eı) and loss (Eıı) modulus were observed for LDPE/carbonation sludge composites compared to LDPE polymer. Furthermore, a significant improvement was noticed in the properties of composites containing 50% carbonation sludge due to the efficient dispersion and interface interaction between LDPE and carbonation sludge. Although the LOI value increases from 16 to 21% with the addition of waste, it is not sufficient in terms of flame retardant. For the thermal kinetic analysis, Coast-Redfern integral method was applied to three thermal decomposition zones of the composites. Accordingly, Ea and A values in zone II are higher than in zone I and III for all reaction models of composites. Overall, LDPE/carbonation sludge composites exhibited better thermal stability and dynamic properties than LDPE polymer.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Bartın University, 74110, Bartin, Turkey

    Ali Yaras

  2. Department of Material Science and Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey

    Bilal Demirel

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Gazi University, 06570, Ankara, Turkey

    Fatih Akkurt

  4. Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, 40200, Kırşehir, Turkey

    Hasan Arslanoglu

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  1. Ali Yaras
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  2. Bilal Demirel
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  3. Fatih Akkurt
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  4. Hasan Arslanoglu
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Contributions

AY: Conceptualization, methodology, software, writing—reviewing and editing, original draft preparation. BD: Original draft preparation, data curation, writing—original draft preparation, software. FA: Original draft preparation, conceptualization, software, validation. HA: Original draft preparation, visualization, investigation, Writing—reviewing and editing.

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Correspondence to Ali Yaras.

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Yaras, A., Demirel, B., Akkurt, F. et al. Carbonation sludge reinforced LDPE composites: flame-retardant, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal degradation behaviors. Polym. Bull. 79, 6475–6496 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03800-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-021-03800-z

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