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Sex differences in tuberculosis

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Abstract

Tuberculosis is the most prevalent bacterial infectious disease in humans and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is carried by an estimated two billion people globally and claims more than 1.5 million lives each year. Tuberculosis rates are significantly higher in men than in women, reflected by a male-to-female ratio for worldwide case notifications of 1.7. This phenomenon is not new and has been reported in various countries and settings over the last century. However, the reasons for the observed gender bias are not clear, potentially highly complex and discussed controversially in the literature. Both gender- (referring to sociocultural roles and behavior) and sex-related factors (referring to biological aspects) likely contribute to higher tuberculosis rates in men and will be discussed.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Jochen Behrends and Ulrich Schaible for critical discussions and helpful comments on the manuscript.

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  1. Coinfection Unit, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 1-40, 23847, Borstel, Germany

    David Hertz & Bianca Schneider

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  1. David Hertz
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Correspondence to Bianca Schneider.

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This article is a contribution to the special issue on Sex differences in immunity – Guest Editors: Hanna Lotter and Marcus Altfeld

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Hertz, D., Schneider, B. Sex differences in tuberculosis. Semin Immunopathol 41, 225–237 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-018-0725-6

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