Skip to main content
Log in

Psychotherapie oder Psychopharmakotherapie oder Kombinationstherapie?

Psychotherapy or psychopharmacotherapy or combination therapy?

  • Schwerpunkt: Indikationen zu Psychotherapie - Übersichten
  • Published:
Psychotherapeut Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Aktuelle Metaanalysen belegen überzeugend die Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie. Bei vielen psychischen Störungen ist Psychotherapie die Methode der ersten Wahl und einer ausschließlichen Pharmakotherapie überlegen. Eine Psychotherapie ist noch weit über das Therapieende hinaus wirksam. Leichte und mittelschwere unipolare Depressionen können allein mit Psychotherapie erfolgreich behandelt werden. Eine Kombinationsbehandlung ist bei schweren depressiven Episoden und bei chronischem Verlauf indiziert. Bei Angststörungen ist die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) die Methode der ersten Wahl. Zunächst kann bei Angststörungen zum Aufbau von Selbstwirksamkeit mit KVT begonnen und auf Medikamente verzichtet werden. Erst bei unzureichendem Ansprechen ist eine Kombinationsbehandlung indiziert. Bei Zwangsstörungen mit überwiegenden Zwangshandlungen ist KVT mit Exposition und Reaktionsmanagement die Methode der ersten Wahl. Eine Kombinationsbehandlung ist insbesondere bei überwiegenden Zwangsgedanken und bei komorbider Depression indiziert. Bei Traumafolgestörungen ist eine traumafokussierte KVT die Methode der ersten Wahl. Bei der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung sind selektive Serotonin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer nur bei entsprechender Komorbidität indiziert. Benzodiazepine sollten bei allen Störungen nur in begründeten Ausnahmefällen kurzfristig gegeben werden. Bei einer individualisierten Differentialindikation müssen die Auswirkungen einer simultanen Psychopharmakotherapie auf den therapeutischen Prozess reflektiert und beachtet werden.

Abstract

Current meta-analyses convincingly show the effectiveness of psychotherapy. For many mental disorders psychotherapy is the therapy of choice and superior to an exclusive pharmacotherapy. A psychotherapy is still effective far beyond the end of psychotherapy. Mild and moderate depressive episodes can be successfully treated by psychotherapy alone. A combination treatment is indicated for severe depressive episodes and a chronic course. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is the method of choice for anxiety disorders where CBT can be initiated in order to build up self-efficacy and medication can be omitted at first. A combination treatment is only indicated when the response is insufficient. For obsessive-compulsive disorder with predominantly compulsive behavior CBT with exposure and reaction management is the method of choice. Combination treatment is indicated particularly for predominantly obsessive thoughts and comorbid depression. In posttraumatic stress disorder a trauma-focussed CBT is the method of choice. For posttraumatic stress disorder selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are indicated only for comorbid disorders. For all disorders benzodiazepines should be prescribed only in justifiable exceptional cases for short-term administration. For individualized differential indications the effects of simultaneous psychopharmacotherapy on the therapeutic process must be taken into consideration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Literatur

  • Barth J, Munder T, Gerger H, Nüesch E, Trelle S, Znoj H, Jüni P, Cuijpers P (2013) Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta-analysis. PLoS Med 10(5):e1001454 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001454

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Benkert O, Hippius H (2015) Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie, 10. Aufl. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Brakemeier EL, Merkl A, Wilbertz G, Quante A, Regen F, Bührsch N, Hall F van, Kischkel E, Danker-Hopfe H, Anghelescu I, Heuser I, Kathmann N, Bajbouj M (2014) Cognitive-behavioral therapy as continuation treatment to sustain response after electroconvulsive therapy in depression: a randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 76:194–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers P, Hollon SD, Straten A van, Bockting C, Berking M, Andersson G (2013a) Does cognitive behaviour therapy have an enduring effect that is superior to keeping patients on continuation pharmacotherapy? A meta-analysis. BMJ Open 3:e002542 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002542

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL, Andersson G, Beekman AT, Reynolds CF 3rd (2013b) The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry 12:137–148

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL, Andersson G, Beekman AT, Reynolds CF 3rd (2014) Adding psychotherapy to antidepressant medication in depression and anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 13:56–67

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DeRubeis RJ, Hollon SD, Amsterdam JD, Shelton RC, Young PR, Salomon RM, O’Reardon JP, Lovett ML, Gladis MM, Brown LL, Gallop R (2005) Cognitive therapy vs medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:409–416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeRubeis RJ, Siegle GJ, Hollon SD (2008) Cognitive therapy versus medication for depression: treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:788–796

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Driessen E, Van HL, Don FJ, Peen J, Kool S, Westra D, Hendriksen M, Schoevers RA, Cuijpers P, Twisk JWR, Dekker JJM (2013) The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy in the outpatient treatment of major depression: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 170:1041–1050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehring T, Welboren R, Morina N, Wicherts JM, Freitag J, Emmelkamp PM (2014) Meta-analysis of psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Clin Psychol Rev 34:645–657

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fineberg NA, Reghunandanan S, Simpson HB, Phillips KA, Richter MA, Matthews K, Stein DJ, Sareen J, Brown A, Sookman D (2015) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Practical strategies for pharmacological and somatic treatment in adults. Psychiatry Res 227:114–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, Dankova L, Barbui C, Tol WA, Ommeren M van, Jong J de, Seedat S, Chen H, Bisson JI (2015) Pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 206:93–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huhn M, Tardy M, Spineli LM, Kissling W, Förstl H, Pitschel-Walz G, Leucht C, Samara M, Dold M, Davis JM, Leucht S (2014) Efficacy of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for adult psychiatric disorders: a systematic overview of meta-analyses. JAMA Psychiatry 71:706–715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jobst A, Brakemeier EL, Buchheim A, Caspar F, Cuijpers P, Ebmeier KP, Falkai P, Jan van der Gaag R, Gaebel W, Herpertz S, Kurimay T, Sabaß L, Schnell K, Schramm E, Torrent C, Wasserman D, Wiersma J, Padberg F (2016) European Psychiatric Association Guidance on psychotherapy in chronic depression across Europe. Eur Psychiatry 33:18–36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karyotaki E, Smit Y, Holdt Henningsen K, Huibers MJ, Robays J, Beurs D de, Cuijpers P (2016) Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or monotherapy for major depression? A meta-analysis on the long-term effects. J Affect Disord 194:144–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT (2008) Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the food and drug administration. PLoS Med 5(2):e45 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Leucht S, Hierl S, Kissling W, Dold M, Davis JM (2012) Putting the efficacy of psychiatric and general medicine medication into perspective: review of meta-analyses. Br J Psychiatry 200:97–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieb K, Völlm B, Rücker G, Timmer A, Stoffers JM (2010) Pharmacotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Cochrane systematic review of randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 196:4–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKay D, Sookman D, Neziroglu F, Wilhelm S, Stein DJ, Kyrios M, Matthews K, Veale D (2015) Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 227:104–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menke A, Binder EB (2014) Epigenetic alterations in depression and antidepressant treatment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 16:395–404

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeroff CB, Heim CM, Thase ME, Klein DN, Rush AJ, Schatzberg AF, Ninan PT, McCullough JB Jr, Weiss PM, Dunner DL, Rothbaum BO, Kornstein S, Keitner G, Keller MB (2003) Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:14293–14296

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oud M, Mayo-Wilson E, Braidwood R, Schulte P, Jones SH, Morriss R, Kupka R, Cuijpers P, Kendall T (2016) Psychological interventions for adults with bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 208:213–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perroud N, Salzmann A, Prada P, Nicastro R, Hoeppli ME, Furrer S, Ardu S, Krejci I, Karege F, Malafosse A (2013) Response to psychotherapy in borderline personality disorder and methylation status of the BDNF gene. Transl Psychiatry 3:e207 doi:10.1038/tp.2012.140

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Turner DT, Gaag M van der, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P (2014) Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry 171:523–538

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watts BV, Schnurr PP, Mayo L, Young-Xu Y, Weeks WB, Friedman MJ (2013) Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 74(6):541–550. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08225

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jürgen Brunner.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

Jürgen Brunner gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine vom Autor durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Additional information

Redaktion

W. Schneider, Rostock

T. Klauer, Stralsund

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brunner, J. Psychotherapie oder Psychopharmakotherapie oder Kombinationstherapie?. Psychotherapeut 61, 285–293 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-016-0112-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-016-0112-5

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation