Abstract
The dual crop coefficient approach accounts separately for plant transpiration and soil evaporation by using the basal crop coefficient and the evaporation coefficient, respectively. The SIMDualKc model, which performs the soil water balance simulation with estimation of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET) with the dual crop coefficient approach, was applied to a drip-irrigated peach orchard under Mediterranean conditions. Orchard ET was obtained with the eddy covariance technique, which was subsequently correlated with tree transpiration estimated from sap flow measurements and soil evaporation determined with microlysimeters, thus providing ET for the whole irrigation season. Two years of field observations were used for model calibration and validation using those ET measurements and taking into account the fraction of ground covered by trees through a density factor which adjusts the basal crop coefficient. Model fitting relative to ET observations during calibration and validation provided indices of agreement averaging 0.90, coefficients of regression close to 1.0, root mean square errors around 0.41 mm and average absolute errors of 0.32 mm. Model fitting relative to transpiration and to soil evaporation produced similar results, so showing the adequateness of modelling.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen RG, Pereira LS (2009) Estimating crop coefficients from fraction of ground cover and height. Irrig Sci 28:17–34
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Crop Evapotranspiration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome, Italy
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Smith M, Raes D, Wright JL (2005) FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method for estimating evaporation from soil and application extensions. J Irrig Drain Eng-ASCE 131:2–13
Allen RG, Wright JL, Pruitt WO, Pereira LS, Jensen ME (2007) Water requirements. In: Hoffman GJ, Evans RG, Jensen ME, Martin DL, Elliot RL (eds) Design and operation of farm irrigation systems, 2nd edn. ASABE, St. Joseph, MI, pp 208–288
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Howell TA, Jensen ME (2011) Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy. Agric Water Manag (in press) doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.12.015
Ayars JE, Johnson RS, Phene CJ, Trout TJ, Clark DA, Mead RM (2003) Water use by drip-irrigated late-season peaches. Irrig Sci 22:187–194
Brutsaert W (1982) Evaporation into the atmosphere. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht
Conceição NMS (2001) Evaporação directa em solo arenoso num pomar de pessegueiros com rega gota-a-gota diária. Final Studies Report. Technical University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa (in Portuguese)
Daamen CC, Simmonds JS, Wallace JS, Laryea KB, Sivakumar MVK (1993) Use of microlysimeters to measure evaporation from sandy soils. Agric For Meteor 65:159–173
Ferreira MI, Paço TA, Silvestre J (2004) Combining techniques to study evapotranspiration in woody crops: application to small areas–two case studies. Acta Hort 664:225–232
Ferreira MI, Paço TA, Silvestre J, Silva RM (2008) Evapotranspiration estimates and water stress indicators for irrigation scheduling in woody plants. In: Sorensen ML (ed) Agricultural water management research trends. Nova Science Publishers, New York, USA, pp 129–170
Foken T (2008) The energy balance closure problem—an overview. Ecol Appl 18:1351–1367
Glenn DM, Scorza R, Okie WR (2006) Genetic and environmental effects on water use efficiency in peach. J Amer.Soc Hort Sci. 131:290–294
Goodwin I, Whitfield DM, Connor DJ (2004) The relationship between peach tree transpiration and effective canopy cover. Acta Hort 664:283–289
Goodwin I, Whitfield D, Connor D (2006) Effects of tree size on water use of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). Irrig Sci 24:59–68
Granier A (1985) Une nouvelle méthode pour la mesure du flux de sève brute dans le tronc des arbres. Ann des Sci Forestières 42:193–200
Green PR (1991) Transpiration and water relations of irrigated peach trees at Manjimup, Western Austrália. Resource management technical report Nº 118. Department of Agriculture, Western Australia
Green SR, Clothier BE (1988) Water use of kiwifruit vines and apple trees. J Exp Bot 39:115–123
Isberie C, Cabibel B, Valancogne C, Paco TA (2004) Using Information from sap flow measurements to improve soil adaptability to drip irrigation in orchards. Acta Hortic 664:333–340
Johnson RS, Ayars J, Trout T, Mead R, Phene C (2000) Crop coefficients for mature peach trees are well correlated with midday canopy light interception. Acta Hortic 537:455–460
Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ (1994) Atmospheric boundary layer flows. Their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, New York
Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Quart J Royal Meteor Soc 98:563–589
Leclerc MY, Thurtell GW (1990) Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis. Boundary Layer Meteorol 52:247–258
López-Urrea R, Martín de Santa Olalla F, Montoro A, López-Fuster P (2009) Single and dual crop coefficients and water requirements for onion (Allium cepa L.) under semiarid conditions. Agric Water Manag 96:1031–1036
Moriasi DN, Arnold JG, Van Liew MW, Binger RL, Harmel RD, Veith TL (2007) Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Trans ASABE 50:885–900
Nadezhdina N, Cermák J (1999) The technique and instrumentation for estimation of the sap flow rate in plants. Patent No.286438, A 01G 7/00 (PV-1587-98; US Patent and Trademark Rec.No.69055, 1997), Vestnik 19/1999 and 4/2000
Nadezhdina N, Cermák J, Nadezhdin V (1998) The heat field deformation method for sap flow measurement. In: 4th International Workshop on Measuring Sap Flow in Intact Plants, Zidlochovice, Czech Republic, 3–5 October 1998, pp 72–92
Paço MTGA (2003) Modelação da evapotranspiração em cobertos descontínuos—Programação da rega em pomar de pessegueiro. Ph.D. thesis, Technical University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (http://purl.pt/6720)
Paço TA, Conceição N, Ferreira MI (2004) Measurements and estimates of peach orchard evapotranspiration in Mediterranean conditions. Acta Hortic 664:505–512
Paço TA, Ferreira MI, Conceição N (2006) Peach orchard evapotranspiration in a sandy soil: comparison between eddy covariance measurements and estimates by the FAO 56 approach. Agric Water Manag 85:305–313
Pedras CMG, Pereira LS, Gonçalves JM (2009) MIRRIG: A decision support system for design and evaluation of microirrigation systems. Agric Water Manag 96:691–701
Popova Z, Pereira LS (2011) Modelling for maize irrigation scheduling using long term experimental data from Plovdiv region, Bulgaria. Agric Water Manag 98:675–683
Rodrigues GC, Pereira LS (2009) Assessing economic impacts of deficit irrigation as related to water productivity and water costs. Biosyst Eng 103:536–551
Rosa RD, Paredes P, Rodrigues GC, Alves I, Pereira LS (2010) O modelo SIMDualKc para a simulação da rega e geração de calendários de rega. In: Pereira LS, Mexia JT, Pires CA (eds) Gestão do Risco em Secas. Métodos, Tecnologias e Desafios. Colibri and CEER, Lisbon, pp 279–300
Schmid HP (2002) Footprint modelling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: a review and perspective. Agric Forest Meteor 113:159–183
Scholander PF, Hammel HT, Branstreet ED, Hemmingsen EA (1965) A Sap pressure in vascular plants. Sci NY 148:339–346
Schuepp PH, Leclerc MY, MacPherson JI, Desjardins RL (1990) Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Boundary Layer Meteorol 50:355–373
Tanner BD, Tanner MS, Dugas WA, Campbell EC, Bland BL (1988) Evaluation of an operational eddy correlation system for evapotranspiration measurements. In: Eddy correlation instrumentation (Models KH20 and CA27), Collected papers, version 1 (1.88), Campbell Scientific, Inc. Logan, UT, USA
Tanner BD, Swiatek E, Greene JP (1993) Density fluctuations and use of the krypton hygrometer in surface flux measurements. In: Proceeding of the 1993 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Park City, Utah, 21–23 July 1993, Irrigation and Drainage Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, pp 8
Twine TE, Kustas WP, Norman JM, Cook DR, Houser PR, Meyers TP, Prueger JH, Starks PJ, Wesely ML (2000) Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland. Agric Forest Meteor 103:279–300
Valancogne C, Nasr Z (1989) Une méthode de mesure du débit de sève brute dans de petits arbres par bilan de chaleur. Agronomie 9:609–617
Valancogne C, Nasr Z (1993) A heat balance method for measuring sap flow in small trees. In: Borghetti M, Grace J, Raschi A (eds) Water transport in plants under climatic stress. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp 166–173
Verma SB (1990) Micrometeorological methods for measuring surface fluxes of mass and energy. Remote Sens Rev 5:99–115
Villalobos FJ, Testi L, Moreno-Perez MF (2009) Evaporation and canopy conductance of citrus orchards. Agric Water Manag 96:565–573
Wang JM, Sammis TW, Andales AA, Simmons LJ, Gutschick VP, Miller DR (2007) Crop coefficients of open-canopy pecan orchards. Agric Water Manag 88:253–262
Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R Meteorolog Soc 106:85–100
Willmott CJ (1981) On the validation of models. Phys Geog 2:184–194
Wilson K, Goldstein A, Falge E, Aubinet M, Baldocchi D, Berbigier P, Bernhofer C, Ceulemans R, Dolman H, Field C, Grelle A, Ibrom A, Law BE, Kowalski A, Meyers T, Moncrieff J, Monson R, Oechel W, Tenhunen J, Valentini R, Verma S (2002) Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agric For Meteorol 113:223–243
Wright JL (1982) New evapotranspiration crop coefficients. J Irrig Drain Div 108:57–74
Acknowledgements
The work presented was supported by the following entities: (1) Project Innovative biological indicators to improve the efficiency of water and nitrogen use and fruit quality in tree crops (FAIR-CT 95-0030, EU), (2) Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal, and ESF—3rd Framework Programme of RTD-EU (Ph.D. and Post-doc fellowships), (3) ICCTI, Portugal/French Embassy Protocol and (4) Project WATERUSE (EVK1-2002-00079, EU).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by S. Ortega-Farias.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paço, T.A., Ferreira, M.I., Rosa, R.D. et al. The dual crop coefficient approach using a density factor to simulate the evapotranspiration of a peach orchard: SIMDualKc model versus eddy covariance measurements. Irrig Sci 30, 115–126 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0267-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0267-3