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New Insights into the Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Facial Mimetic Muscles Related to the Nasolabial Fold: An Iodine Staining Technique Based on Nano-computed Tomography

  • Original Paper
  • Facial Surgery
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Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to introduce a novel approach to study the facial mimetic muscles (FMMs) in relation to the nasolabial fold (NLF) and realize the visualization of complex three-dimensional (3D) structures and spatial relationships of the FMMs.

Materials and Methods

Nano-computed tomography (nano-CT) and iodine staining techniques were used to obtain the two-dimensional (2D) radiographs of the FMMs. Materialise Mimics software was then used to reconstruct the 3D model of the FMMs.

Results

The zygomaticus major muscle (ZMM) was divided into trunk fibers and branch fibers. The trunk fibers of the ZMM were subdivided into branch fibers layer-by-layer. Adipose tissue in the cheek was not a mass of unorganized fat. It was separated and fixed by branch fibers. Moreover, the trunk fibers of the ZMM were directly connected to the levator anguli oris (LAO), not the skin. On the contrary, the ZMM was connected to the skin by its subdivided branch fibers indirectly. The muscle fibers in the modiolus were organized, rather than disorganized. In other words, the terminal of the trunk fibers of the ZMM was located in the LAO. Moreover, the terminal of the trunk fibers of the LAO was located at the terminal of the trunk fibers of the musculus depressor anguli oris at the corner of the mouth. Furthermore, the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi was not directly connected to the orbicularis oris muscle. It was connected to the combination of the LLS and the rhinaeus.

Conclusions

Although nano-CT has many disadvantages, it enabled the 3D anatomical study of the FMMs in relation to the NLF when combined with iodine staining. We imported the 2D images obtained by nano-CT scanning into the Mimics software, successfully reconstructed the FMMs, and finally obtained images of complex 3D structures of the FMMs. The shapes, positions, and 3D spatial relationships of the FMMs were clearly visualized. The novel insights into the 3D anatomy of the FMMs may help understand the formation of the NLF. Finally, the results of this study may help improve the rejuvenation surgery of the NLF soon.

Level of Evidence IV

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Peking Union Medical College for supporting the Union Scholars and Innovation Team Development Program. In addition, the authors would also like to thank Editage [www.editage.cn] for English language editing.

Funding

This study was supported by the Union Scholars and Innovation Team Development Program of the Peking Union Medical College (Grant No. 520101031106).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China

    Guo C. Chen

  2. Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ba-da-chu, Beijing, 100144, China

    Min Sun & Ning B. Yin

Authors
  1. Guo C. Chen
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  2. Min Sun
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  3. Ning B. Yin
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Contributions

NB Yin designed the study. MS was responsible for imaging acquisition and analysis. GCC prepared the manuscript. NBY was responsible for revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ning B. Yin.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Ethics Approval

The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Plastic Surgery Hospital affiliated to the Peking Union Medical College. Moreover, the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki were followed.

Informed Consent

For this type of study, informed consent is not required.

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Video 1: Detailed dynamic changing process of the 2D images obtained by nano-CT before color processing in three different planes. (MP4 56578 kb)

Video 2: Detailed dynamic changing process of different FMMs in the 2D images of the nano-CT after color processing in three different planes. Fuchsia represents the ZMM. Green represents the LAO. Orange represents the MDAO. Red represents the rhinaeus. Yellow represents the combination of the ZL and LLS. Blue represents the LLSAN. (MP4 61890 kb)

Video 3: Detailed dynamic changing process of the trunk fibers and the branch fibers of the ZMM in the 2D images of the nano-CT after color processing in three different planes. Fuchsia represents the trunk fibers of the ZMM. Reticular white filaments represent the branch fibers of the ZMM. Green represents the LAO. (MP4 31435 kb)

Video 4: Detailed dynamic 3D sequence of the FMMs in the modiolus at the corner of the mouth. Fuchsia represents the ZMM. Green represents the LAO. Orange represents the MDAO. Red represents the rhinaeus. Yellow represents the combination of the ZL and LLS. Blue represents the LLSAN. (MP4 29111 kb)

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Chen, G.C., Sun, M. & Yin, N.B. New Insights into the Three-Dimensional Anatomy of the Facial Mimetic Muscles Related to the Nasolabial Fold: An Iodine Staining Technique Based on Nano-computed Tomography. Aesth Plast Surg 44, 80–86 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01495-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-019-01495-2

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