Abstract
Environmental and social factors are critical to determine the timing and duration of lekking behavior since they provide species with signs to maximize benefits over costs in sexual displays. However, these factors have rarely been studied under different environmental conditions, and thus, it remains unclear whether exogenous factors affecting group displays show a general species-specific pattern or whether they are population-specific. Using audio-trapping techniques, we compared factors influencing the daily occurrence and duration of lekking behavior in two populations of Hyla molleri and two populations of Hyla meridionalis located at the thermal extremes (coldest vs. hottest) of their Iberian distribution range. From 12,240 hourly recordings over one season, multimodel inference revealed that the major determinants of chorus occurrence were similar between populations and species (i.e., chorus size the previous day, daytime air temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure), and accounted for 51–79 % of its deviance. In contrast, the major determinants of chorus duration differed between populations and species (i.e., chorus size, number of day, and air temperature and relative humidity at the onset of the chorus), and accounted for 38–69 % of its variance. Our findings suggest that the decision making related to lek attendance is environment-dependent, takes place at time between lekking events, and is associated with exogenous factors that may be both stable across species ranges and population-specific when populations are under different climatic conditions. This intraspecific variation might be underlain by plasticity mechanisms providing tree frogs with means to cope with changing environments. Moreover, social facilitation related to male-male acoustic competition seems to play a relevant role on the daily time invested by males in lek attendance.
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Acknowledgments
We want to thank José Manuel Mendes for granting us access to the pond in his property in Castelo de Vide. Permits to work and use of facilities in protected areas were granted by Somiedo Natural Park (Principado de Asturias), ICTS Doñana (CSIC), and Consejerías de Medio Ambiente (Principado de Asturias and Andalucía). We are also grateful to Richard G. Bowker and Mark E. Cambron of Western Kentucky University for designing and building the Amphibulator (timer-controller for ARS). Meteorological data were kindly provided by AEMET (Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino) and Guillermo Ballester (OGIMET Weather Information Service). David Sánchez provided information about bioclimatic variables for the Iberian distribution range of tree frogs. Xavier Eekhout and Antón Arias helped in the field and with the data processing. José Miguel Oliveira, Maribel Benítez, Manolo Chirosa, and Hélder Duarte also helped in the field. We appreciate suggestions from anonymous reviewers that greatly improved this research report. The first author was supported by an FPI predoctoral grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (BES-2006-13104, Spain). The last author was in receipt of a fellowship from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BPD/3514/2000, Portugal) and a SYNTHESYS project (ES-TAF-1251, Spain). Research was funded by projects TEMPURA (CGL2005-00092/BOS), ACOURA (CGL2008-04814-C02), and project TATANKA (CGL2011-25062), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (PI. R. Márquez).
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Llusia, D., Márquez, R., Beltrán, J.F. et al. Environmental and social determinants of anuran lekking behavior: intraspecific variation in populations at thermal extremes. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 67, 493–511 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1469-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1469-2