Abstract
Purpose
Injection drug users are at high risk for both infection with blood-borne pathogens, namely, human immune deficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis-B, -C virus, various bacterial infections, as well as early primary and secondary joint degeneration. When total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is anticipated the risk of septic complications is a major concern. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and radiographic outcome of patients with a history of intravenous drug use after total knee arthroplasty. The primary outcome was revision rate. Secondary outcomes were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), Knee Society Score (KSS) and radiographic loosening.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1,692 TKA performed or revised in our institution. Data of 18 TKA in 12 patients (11 male, 1 female; average age 42, range 23–62 years) with a history of intravenous opioid abuse were available for final analysis.
Results
The mean follow up was 125 (range 25–238) months. Seven patients required revision surgery due to periprosthetic joint infection after 62 months (range 5–159): one two staged revision, three arthrodesis and three amputations. The median prosthesis survival was 101 (95%-CI 48–154) months.
Conclusion
Total knee arthroplasty in patients with a history of intravenous drug abuse is associated with major complications, including above-the-knee amputation. If permanent abstinence from intravenous drug abuse is doubtful, other therapeutic options including primary arthrodesis should be considered.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2005) World drug report, vol 1. UNODC, New York
EMCDDA (2010) Trends in injecting drug use in Europe. European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Publications office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Scheidegger C, Zimmerli W (1989) Infectious complications in drug addicts: seven-year review of 269 hospitalized narcotics abusers in Switzerland. Rev Infect Dis 11(3):486–493
Esteban R (1993) Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 17(Suppl 3):S67–S71
Levine OS, Vlahov D, Nelson KE (1994) Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infections among injecting drug users: seroprevalence, risk factors, and viral interactions. Epidemiol Rev 16(2):418–436
Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, Choopanya K, Vanichseni S, Ward TP (1992) International epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among injecting drug users. AIDS 6(10):1053–1068
Louria DB, Hensle T, Rose J (1967) The major medical complications of heroin addiction. Ann Intern Med 67(1):1–22
Hogg RS, Heath KV, Yip B, Craib KJ, O’Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT, Montaner JS (1998) Improved survival among HIV-infected individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. JAMA 279(6):450–454
Chandrasekar PH, Narula AP (1986) Bone and joint infections in intravenous drug abusers. Rev Infect Dis 8(6):904–911
Mazzotta E, Agostinone A, Rosso R, Di Biagio A, De Socio GV, Cappelletti A, Zicolella R, Polilli E, Bonfanti P, Di Matteo L, Manzoli L, Parruti G (2011) Osteonecrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients: a multicentric case-control study. J Bone Miner Metab 29(3):383–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-010-0245-5
Wieser K, Zingg PO, Betz M, Neubauer G, Dora C (2012) Total hip replacement in patients with history of illicit injecting drug use. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 132(7):1037–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-012-1509-4
Gordon RJ, Lowy FD (2005) Bacterial infections in drug users. N Engl J Med 353(18):1945–1954. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra042823
Shekar R, Rice TW, Zierdt CH, Kallick CA (1985) Outbreak of endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11 among pentazocine and tripelennamine abusers in Chicago. J Infect Dis 151(2):203–208
Werner SB, Passaro D, McGee J, Schechter R, Vugia DJ (2000) Wound botulism in California, 1951-1998: recent epidemic in heroin injectors. Clin Infect Dis 31(4):1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1086/318134
Gehrke T, Alijanipour P, Parvizi J (2015) The management of an infected total knee arthroplasty. Bone Joint J 97-B(10 Suppl A):20–29. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.97B10.36475
Insall JN, Dorr LD, Scott RD, Scott WN (1989) Rationale of the Knee Society clinical rating system. Clin Orthop Relat Res 248:13–14
Quintana JM, Escobar A, Arostegui I, Bilbao A, Azkarate J, Goenaga JI, Arenaza JC (2006) Health-related quality of life and appropriateness of knee or hip joint replacement. Arch Intern Med 166(2):220–226. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.2.220
Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD (1992) The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 30(6):473–483
Bach CM, Biedermann R, Goebel G, Mayer E, Rachbauer F (2005) Reproducible assessment of radiolucent lines in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 434:183–188
Ewald FC (1989) The Knee Society total knee arthroplasty roentgenographic evaluation and scoring system. Clin Orthop Relat Res 248:9–12
Bae DK, Song SJ, Park MJ, Eoh JH, Song JH, Park CH (2012) Twenty-year survival analysis in total knee arthroplasty by a single surgeon. J Arthroplast 27(7):1297–1304, e1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2011.10.027
SKAR (2016) Annual report 2016. The Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register, Helsingborg, Sweden
National Joint Registry (2016). National Joint Registry 13th annual report. Retrieved from http://www.njrreports.org.uk/Portals/0/PDFdownloads/NJR%2013th%20Annual%20Report%202016.pdf
Sendi P, Banderet F, Graber P, Zimmerli W (2011) Periprosthetic joint infection following Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Inf Secur 63(1):17–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2011.05.005
Shen M, Xiang P, Sun Y, Shen B (2013) Disappearance of 6-acetylmorphine, morphine and codeine from human scalp hair after discontinuation of opiate abuse. Forensic Sci Int 227(1–3):64–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.028
Brown P, Crane L (2001) Avascular necrosis of bone in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: report of 6 cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 32(8):1221–1226. https://doi.org/10.1086/319745
Miller KD, Masur H, Jones EC, Joe GO, Rick ME, Kelly GG, Mican JM, Liu S, Gerber LH, Blackwelder WC, Falloon J, Davey RT, Polis MA, Walker RE, Lane HC, Kovacs JA (2002) High prevalence of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in HIV-infected adults. Ann Intern Med 137(1):17–25
Swensen S, Schwarzkopf R (2012) Total joint arthroplasty in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Orthop Surg 4(4):211–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/os.12001
Parvizi J, Sullivan TA, Pagnano MW, Trousdale RT, Bolander ME (2003) Total joint arthroplasty in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: an alarming rate of early failure. J Arthroplast 18(3):259–264. https://doi.org/10.1054/arth.2003.50094
Boylan MR, Basu N, Naziri Q, Issa K, Maheshwari AV, Mont MA (2015) Does HIV infection increase the risk of short-term adverse outcomes following total knee arthroplasty? J Arthroplast 30(9):1629–1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2015.03.018
Enayatollahi MA, Murphy D, Maltenfort MG, Parvizi J (2016) Human immunodeficiency virus and total joint arthroplasty: the risk for infection is reduced. J Arthroplast 31(10):2146–2151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2016.02.058
Cummins F, Ramasubbu B, McCarthy T, Bergin C, Grieve PP (2015) Surgery of the femur in HIV positive patients: a retrospective review from 2005 to 2011. Ir J Med Sci 184(2):505–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-014-1156-6
Capogna BM, Lovy A, Blum Y, Kim SJ, Felsen UR, Geller DS (2013) Infection rate following total joint arthroplasty in the HIV population. J Arthroplast 28(8):1254–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2012.12.021
Ernstbrunner L, Hingsammer A, Catanzaro S, Sutter R, Brand B, Wieser K, Fucentese SF (2016) Long-term results of total knee arthroplasty in haemophilic patients: an 18-year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4340-6
Chiang CC, Chen PQ, Shen MC, Tsai W (2008) Total knee arthroplasty for severe haemophilic arthropathy: long-term experience in Taiwan. Haemophilia 14(4):828–834. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01693.x
Legroux-Gerot I, Strouk G, Parquet A, Goodemand J, Gougeon F, Duquesnoy B (2003) Total knee arthroplasty in hemophilic arthropathy. Joint Bone Spine 70(1):22–32
Norian JM, Ries MD, Karp S, Hambleton J (2002) Total knee arthroplasty in hemophilic arthropathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A(7):1138–1141
Wada NI, Jacobson LP, Margolick JB, Breen EC, Macatangay B, Penugonda S, Martinez-Maza O, Bream JH (2015) The effect of HAART-induced HIV suppression on circulating markers of inflammation and immune activation. AIDS 29(4):463–471. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000545
Funding
There is no funding source.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This study received local ethics committee approval.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bauer, D.E., Hingsammer, A., Ernstbrunner, L. et al. Total knee arthroplasty in patients with a history of illicit intravenous drug abuse. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 42, 101–107 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-017-3655-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-017-3655-3