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Characteristics and outcomes of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after peptide receptor radionuclide/chemoradionuclide therapy (PRRT/PRCRT) for metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasia: a single-institution series

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Abstract

Purpose

Peptide receptor radionuclide/chemoradionuclide therapy (PRRT/PRCRT) is an effective therapy for metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN), but therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) remain of concern. The study reviewed the clinicopathological features and outcomes of patients who developed t-MN.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with t-MN by 2016 WHO classification, from a cohort of 521 patients who received PRRT/PRCRT over a 12-year period. Molecular next-generation sequencing using an in-house 26-gene panel was performed.

Results

Twenty-five of 521 (4.8%) patients were diagnosed with t-MN, including six acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and 19 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The median time from first cycle PRRT/PRCRT to diagnosis of t-MN was 26 months (range 4–91). Twenty-two of 25 (88%) patients had grade 1–2 pancreatic or small bowel NEN with moderate metastatic liver burden. Six patients (24%) had prior chemotherapy. Median number of PRRT cycles = 5 (22/25 (88%) with concomitant radiosensitising chemotherapy). All 25 patients achieved disease stabilisation (68%) or partial response (32%) on RECIST 1.1 at 3 months post-PRRT. At t-MN diagnosis, all patients presented with thrombocytopenia (median nadir 33 × 109/L, range 3–75) and 17 (68%) remained NEN progression-free. Marrow genetic analysis revealed unfavourable karyotype in 16/25 (66%) patients with tumour protein 53 (TP53) mutation in nine (36%). Azacitidine therapy was utilised in ten eligible patients, while four received induction chemotherapy for AML. The median overall survival from first PRRT was 62 months (19–94), but from t-MN diagnosis was only 13 months (1–56), with death due primarily to haematological disease progression.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of t-MN after PRRT/PRCRT is an infrequent but serious complication with poor overall survival. Most patients present with thrombocytopenia; unfavourable genetic mutations have a poor response to t-MN treatment. Prospective data are needed to explore potential pre-existing genetic factors and predictive biomarkers to minimise the risk of t-MN.

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Acknowledgements

IG, KB, MM, RJH, and GK designed the study and wrote the manuscript. IG, KB, MM, IST, AI, ARK, TA, and GK identified cases and collected data. IG, PB, IST, AI, ARK, TA, MSH, GK performed data analysis. All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Isaac Goncalves.

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Conflict of interest

RJH holds shares in Telix Pharmaceuticals on behalf of the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. MSH reports personal fees and non-financial support from Ipsen and Sanofi Genzyme, personal fees and other from Endocyte, outside the submitted work. All remaining authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ethics committee as a retrospective audit with approval of waiver for patient consent (HREC Project number 18/61R). All patients had previously provided written, informed consent for PRRT/PRCRT under existing compassionate use guidelines. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Oncology – Digestive Tract.

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Goncalves, I., Burbury, K., Michael, M. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after peptide receptor radionuclide/chemoradionuclide therapy (PRRT/PRCRT) for metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasia: a single-institution series. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 46, 1902–1910 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04389-2

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