Abstract
Sultan Marsh (Turkey) is one of the largest wet lands of the Middle East and Europe. The aim of this study was to determine average concentrations of heavy metals, variations of the obtained values in a large scale, geogenic and anthropogenic sources of the pollution and effects of the pollution on the environment in Sultan Marsh. To these aims, a total of 176 surface soil samples (0–10 cm depth) were collected from 80 ha land in Sultan Marsh. Using a bench-top Spectro-Xepos X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, we analyzed all samples to determine the near-total concentrations of 26 chemical elements. Basic and multivariate statistics were used for statistical analyses. GIS mapping, a powerful tool for identifying possible sources of pollutants, was used to classify and identify the elements. Relatively high concentrations of the elements Fe, Pb, Zn, Sb, W, Mo, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Cr, Mn and Cd were found in Sultan Marsh, surrounding rocks (geogenic sources), mines of Fe and Pb/Zn, industrial facilities, residential and agricultural areas and major traffic routes (anthropogenic sources).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adachia K, Tainoshob Y (2004) Characterization of heavy metal particles embedded in tire dust. Environ Int 30:1009–1017
Aksoy A, Demirezen D, Duman F (2005) Bioaccumulation, detection and analyses of heavy metal pollution in Sultan Marsh and its environment. Water Air Soil Pollut 164(1–4):241–255
Boyle RW (1975) The geochemistry of antimony, Keno Hill area, Yukon, Canada. In: Tugarinov AI (ed) Recent contributions to geochemistry and analytical chemistry. Wiley, New York, pp 354–370
Brady NC (1974) The nature and properties of soils, 8th edn. Macmillan, New York, p 636
Brooks RR (1972) Geobotany and biogeochemistry in mineral exploration. Harper and Row, New York, p 290
CKGM, Sultansazlıgı (1998) T.C. Cevre Bakanlıgı Cevre Koruma Genel Müdürlügü Yayını, p 25 (in Turkish)
Connor JJ, Shacklette HT (1975) Background geochemistry of some soils, plants and vegetable in the conterminous United States. US Geol Survey paper 574, p 164
Davies BE (1978) Plant-available lead and other metals in British garden soils. Sci Total Environ 9(3):243–262
Demirezen D, Aksoy A (2004) Accumulation of heavy metals in Typha angustifolia (L.) and Potamogeton pectinatus (L.) living in Sultan Marsh (Kayseri, Turkey) Chemosphere 56:685–696
Demirezen D, Aksoy A (2006) Common hydrophytes as bioindicators of iron and manganese pollutions Ecological Indicators. Ecol Indic 6:388–393
Dhont D, Chorowicz J, Yurur T, Froger J-L, Kose O, Gundogdu N (1998) Emplacement of volcanic vents and geodynamics of Central, Anatolia, Turkey. J Volcanol Geother Res 85:33–54
Dirik K (2001) Neotectonic evolution of the northwestward arched segment of the Central Anatolian Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 14:147–158
Erol O (1999) A geomorphological study of the Sultansazligi Lake, central Anatolia. Q Sci Rev 18:647–657
Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L (2001) Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environ Pollut 114:313–324
Farmer JG, Lyon TDB (1977) Lead in Glasgow street dirt and soil. Sci Total Environ 8:89–93
Fuge R (2005) Anthropogenic sources. In: Selinus O (ed) Essentials of medical geology: impacts of the natural environment on public health. Academic, Amsterdam, pp 43–60
Haktanir K, Arcak S, Ergül G, Tan A (1997) Yol kenarlarındaki Topraklarda Trafikten Kaynaklanan Ağır Metal Birikimi. Tr J Eng Environ Sci 19:432–431
Harrison RM, Laxen DPH, Wilson SJ (1981) Chemical associations of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in street dusts and roadside soils. Environ Sci Technol 15(11):1378–1383
Ho YB, Tai KM (1988) Elevated levels of lead and other metals in roadside soil and grass and their use to monitor aerial metal depositions in Hong Kong. Environ Pollut 49(1):37–51
Kelly J, Thornton I, Simpson PR (1996) Urban geochemistry: a study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditionally industrial and nonindustrial areas of Britain. Appl Geochem 11(1e2):363–370
Kocyigit A, Beyhan A (1998) A new intracontinental transcurrent structure: the Central Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Tectonophysics 284:317–336
Krauskopf K (1979) Introduction to geochemistry. McGraw-Hill, NewYork, p 123
Li XD, Poon CS, Liu PS (2001) Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and street dusts in Hong Kong. Appl Geochem 16(11–12):1361–1368
Li XD, Lee SL, Wong SC, Shi WZ, Thornton I (2004) The study of metal contamination in urban soils of Hong Kong using a GIS-based approach. Environ Pollut 129(1):113–124
Liu X, Wu J, Xu J (2005) Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling uncertainty analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS. Environ Pollut 141:1–8
Maynard JB (1983) Geochemistry of Toprakary ore deposits, vol 89. Springer, New York, p 119
McGrath D, Zhang C, Carton OT (2004) Geostatistical analyses and hazard assessment on soil lead in Silvermines area, Ireland. Environ Pollut 127:239–248
Mielke HW, Gonzales CR, Smith MK, Mielke PW (2000) Quantities and associations of lead, zinc, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, vanadium, and copper in fresh Mississippi delta alluvium and New Orleans alluvial soils. Sci Total Environ 246:249–259
Olajire AA, Ayodele ET (1997) Contamination of roadside soil and grass with heavy metals. Environ Int 28:91–101
Öncel MS, Zedef V, Mert S (2004) Lead contamination of roadside soils and plants between Istanbul and Sakarya, Nw Turkey. Fresenius Bull 13:1525–1529
Oudwater N, Martin A (2003) Methods and issues in exploring local knowledge of soils. Geoderma 111:387–401
Pekey H (2006) The distribution and sources of heavy metals in Izmit Bay surface sediments affected by a polluted stream. Mar Pollut Bull 52:1197–1208
Peltola P, Astrom M (2003) Urban geochemistry: a multimedia and multielement survey of a small town in Northern Europe. Environ Geochem Health 25(4):397–419
Purves D (1966) Contamination of urban garden soils with copper and boron. Nature 210:1077–1078
Reimann C, Siewers U, Tarvainen T, Bityukova L, Eriksson J, Giucis A, Gregorauskiene V, Lukashev VK, Matinian NN, Pasieczna A (2003) Agricultural Soils in Northern Europe: A Geochemical Atlas. Geologisches Jahrbuch, Sonderhefte, Reihe D, Heft SD5. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 279 pp
Sadiq M, Alam I, El-Mubarek A, Al-Mohdhar HM (1989) Preliminary evaluation of metal pollution from wear of auto tires. Bulletin of Environ Contam Toxicol 42(5):743–748
Schuhmacher M, Meneses M, Granero S, Llobet JM, Domingo JL (1997) Trace element pollution of soil collected near a municipal solid waste incinerator: human health risk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59(6):861–867
Simonson RW (1995) Airborne dust and its significance to soils. Geoderma 65:1e2–1e43
Smolders E, Degryse F (2002) Fate and effect of zinc from tire debris in soil. Environ Sci Technol 36(17):3706–3710
Tam NFY, Liu WK, Wang MH, Wong YS (1987) Heavy metal pollution in roadside urban parks and gardens in Hong Kong. Sci Total Environ 59:325–328
TD, Traffic Density (2005) 2005-yılı ortalama günlük trafik yogunlugu, Kayseri Karayolları 6.Bölge Müdürlügü, pp 2
Thornton I (1991) Metal contamination of soils in urban areas. Soils in the urban environment. Blackwell, London, pp 47–75
Tijhuis L, Brattli B, Sæther OM (2002) A geochemical survey of topsoil in the city of Oslo, Norway. Environ Geochem Health 24(1):67–94
Topbas M, Brohi A, Karaman M (1998) Çevre Kirliliği, Çevre Bakanlığı Yayınları, 35–61, 105–111, 141–152 (in Turkish)
Viard B, Pihan F, Promeyrat S, Pihan JC (2004) Integrated assessment of heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cd) highway pollution: bioaccumulation in soil, Graminaceae and land snails. Chemosphere 55:1349–1359
Wedepohl KL (1969–1978) Handbook of geochemistry, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, p 442
Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59(7):1217–1232
Wilkins C (1978) The distribution of lead in the soils and herbage of West Pembrokeshire. Environ Pollut 15(1):23–30
Yalcin MG, Narin I, Soylak M (2006) Heavy metal contents of the Karasu Creek Sediments. Nigde, Turkey, Environ Monit Assess, p 7. DOI 10.1007/s10661-006-9318-2 (in press)
Yalcin MG, Battaloglu R (2007) Investigation of Heavy Metals Pollution along the Nigde-Kayseri Road, Turkey. Asian J of Chem 19(3):2257–2264
Yalcin MG, Battaloglu R, Ilhan, S, Tumuklu A, Topuz D (2007) Heavy metal contamination along the Nigde-Adana Highway, Turkey. Asian J Chem 19(2):1506–1518
Yassoglou N, Kosmas C, Asimakopoulos J, Kallianou C (1987) Heavy metal contamination of roadside soils in the Greater Athens area. Environ Pollut 47:293–304
Yüksel B (1989) Investigations on water birds which were found in winter, in Kayseri-Sultanmarsh, I.Uni. Orman Fakultesi, Yuksek Lisans Tezi, Istanbul, p 95 (in Turkish)
Zhang C (2005) Using multivariate analyses and GIS to identify pollutants and their spatial patterns in urban soils in Galway, Ireland. Environ Pollut 142:1–11
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Kayseri Environment and Forest Province Directorate for providing vehicles during field studies, OYSA-Nigde Cement Factory for XRF analyses and Dilek ERDAG for the GIS mappings from the Department of Geology Engineering, Istanbul University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yalcin, M.G., Battaloglu, R. & Ilhan, S. Heavy metal sources in Sultan Marsh and its neighborhood, Kayseri, Turkey. Environ Geol 53, 399–415 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0655-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0655-4