Abstract
Gluconobacter oxydans, like all acetic acid bacteria, has several membrane-bound dehydrogenases, which oxidize a multitude of alcohols and polyols in a stereo- and regio-selective manner. Many membrane-bound dehydrogenases have been purified from various acetic acid bacteria, but in most cases without reporting associated sequence information. We constructed clean deletions of all membrane-bound dehydrogenases in G. oxydans 621H and investigated the resulting changes in carbon utilization and physiology of the organism during growth on fructose, mannitol, and glucose. Furthermore, we studied the substrate oxidation spectra of a set of strains where the membrane-bound dehydrogenases were consecutively deleted using a newly developed whole-cell 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) activity assay in microtiter plates. This allowed a detailed and comprehensive in vivo characterization of each membrane-bound dehydrogenase in terms of substrate specificity. The assays revealed that general rules can be established for some of the enzymes and extended the known substrate spectra of some enzymes. It was also possible to assign proteins whose purification and characterization had been reported previously, to their corresponding genes. Our data demonstrate that there are less membrane-bound dehydrogenases in G. oxydans 621H than expected and that the deletion of all of them is not lethal for the organism.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adachi O, Tayama K, Shinagawa E, Matsushita K, Ameyama M (1978) Purification and characterization of particulate alcohol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter suboxydans. Agric Biol Chem 42(11):2045–2056
Adachi O, Shinagawa E, Matsushita K, Ameyama M (1980) Purification and characterization of membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter suboxydans. Agric Biol Chem 44(3):503–515
Adachi O, Fujii Y, Ghaly MF, Toyama H, Shinagawa E, Matsushita K (2001) Membrane-bound quinoprotein D-arabitol dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter suboxydans IFO 3257: a versatile enzyme for the oxidative fermentation of various ketoses. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65(12):2755–2762
Adlercreutz P (1989) Oxidation of trans - and cis −1,2-cyclohexanediol by Gluconobacter oxydans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 30(3):257–263
Ameyama M, Shinagawa E, Matsushita K, Adachi O (1981) D-Glucose dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter suboxydans: solubilization, purification and characterization. Agric Biol Chem 45(4):851–861
Arcus AC, Edson NL (1956) Polyol dehydrogenases. 2. The polyol dehydrogenases of Acetobacter suboxydans and Candida utilis. Biochem J 64(3):385–394
Armstrong JM (1964) The molar extinction coefficient of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. Biochim Biophys Acta 86:194–197
Bertrand G (1898) Recherches sur la production biochimique du sorbes. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur 6:385–399
Bertrand G (1904) Sur un nouveau sucre des baies de sorbier. C R Acad Sei Paris 20:802–805
Buchert J (1991) A xylose-oxidizing membrane-bound aldose dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621. J Biotechnol 18(1–2):103–113
Cleton-Jansen AM, Dekker S, van de Putte P, Goosen N (1991) A single amino acid substitution changes the substrate specificity of quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase in Gluconobacter oxydans. Mol Gen Genet 229(2):206–212
Deppenmeier U, Hoffmeister M, Prust C (2002) Biochemistry and biotechnological applications of Gluconobacter strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60(3):233–242
Dym O, Pratt EA, Ho C, Eisenberg D (2000) The crystal structure of D-lactate dehydrogenase, a peripheral membrane respiratory enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(17):9413–9418
Gatsos X, Perry AJ, Anwari K, Dolezal P, Wolynec PP, Likić VA, Purcell AW, Buchanan SK, Lithgow T (2008) Protein secretion and outer membrane assembly in Alphaproteobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32(6):995–1009
Greenfield S, Claus GW (1972) Nonfunctional tricarboxylic acid cycle and the mechanism of glutamate biosynthesis in Acetobacter suboxydans. J Bacteriol 112(3):1295–1301
Gupta A, Singh VK, Qazi GN, Kumar A (2001) Gluconobacter oxydans: its biotechnological applications. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 3(3):445–456
Habe H, Shimada Y, Yakushi T, Hattori H, Ano Y, Fukuoka T, Kitamoto D, Itagaki M, Watanabe K, Yanagishita H, Matsushita K, Sakaki K (2009) Microbial production of glyceric acid, an organic acid that can be mass produced from glycerol. Appl Environ Microbiol 75(24):7760–7766
Habe H, Fukuoka T, Morita T, Kitamoto D, Yakushi T, Matsushita K, Sakaki K (2010) Disruption of the membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase-encoding gene improved glycerol use and dihydroxyacetone productivity in Gluconobacter oxydans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 74(7):1391–1395
Hann RM, Tilden EB, Hudson CS (1938) The oxidation of sugar alcohols by Acetobacter suboxydans. J Am Chem Soc 60(5):1201–1203
Hölscher T, Görisch H (2006) Knockout and overexpression of pyrroloquinoline quinone biosynthetic genes in Gluconobacter oxydans 621H. J Bacteriol 188(21):7668–7676
Hölscher T, Weinert-Sepalage D, Görisch H (2007) Identification of membrane-bound quinoprotein inositol dehydrogenase in Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 621H. Microbiology 153(Pt 2):499–506
Kondo K, Horinouchi S (1997) Characterization of the genes encoding the three-component membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter suboxydans and their expression in Acetobacter pasteurianus. Appl Environ Microbiol 63(3):1131–1138
Krajewski V, Simic P, Mouncey NJ, Bringer S, Sahm H, Bott M (2010) Metabolic engineering of Gluconobacter oxydans: improvement of growth rate and growth yield from glucose by elimination of gluconate formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:4369–4376
Ma C, Gao C, Qiu J, Hao J, Liu W, Wang A, Zhang Y, Wang M, Xu P (2007) Membrane-bound L- and D-lactate dehydrogenase activities of a newly isolated Pseudomonas stutzeri strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77(1):91–98
Matsushita K, Toyama H, Adachi O (1994) Respiratory chains and bioenergetics of acetic acid bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 36:247–301
Matsushita K, Fujii Y, Ano Y, Toyama H, Shinjoh M, Tomiyama N, Miyazaki T, Sugisawa T, Hoshino T, Adachi O (2003) 5-keto-D-gluconate production is catalyzed by a quinoprotein glycerol dehydrogenase, major polyol dehydrogenase, in Gluconobacter species. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(4):1959–1966
Meyer M, Schweiger P, Deppenmeier U (2012) Effects of membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenase overproduction on the respiratory chain of Gluconobacter oxydans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4265-z
Peters B, Junker A, Brauer K, Mühlthaler B, Kostner D, Mientus M, Liebl W, Ehrenreich A (2013) Deletion of pyruvate decarboxylase by a new method for efficient markerless gene deletions in Gluconobacter oxydans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:2521–2530
Prust C (2004) Entschlüsselung des Genoms von Gluconobacter oxydans 621H—einem Bakterium von industriellem Interesse. Ph.D. thesis, Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen
Prust C, Hoffmeister M, Liesegang H, Wiezer A, Fricke WF, Ehrenreich A, Gottschalk G, Deppenmeier U (2005) Complete genome sequence of the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Nat Biotechnol 23(2):195–200
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Habor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Habor
Shinagawa E, Matsushita K, Adachi O, Ameyama M (1982) Purification and characterization of D-sorbitol dehydrogenase from membrane of Gluconobacter suboxydans var. a. Agric Biol Chem 46(1):135–141
Shinagawa E, Matsushita K, Adachi O, Ameyama M (1984) D-Gluconate dehydrogenase, 2-keto-D-gluconate yielding, from Gluconobacter dioxyacetonicus: purification and characterization. Agric Biol Chem 48(6):1517–1522
Shinagawa E, Matsushita K, Toyama H, Adachi O (1999) Production of 5-keto-d-gluconate by acetic acid bacteria is catalyzed by pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent membrane-bound d-gluconate dehydrogenase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 6(3):341–350
Soemphol W, Adachi O, Matsushita K, Toyama H (2008) Distinct physiological roles of two membrane-bound dehydrogenases responsible for D-sorbitol oxidation in Gluconobacter frateurii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72(3):842–850
Toyama H, Soemphol W, Moonmangmee D, Adachi O, Matsushita K (2005) Molecular properties of membrane-bound FAD-containing D-sorbitol dehydrogenase from thermotolerant Gluconobacter frateurii isolated from Thailand. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(6):1120–1129
Voss J, Ehrenreich A, Liebl W (2010) Characterization and inactivation of the membrane-bound polyol dehydrogenase in Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 7145 reveals a role in meso-erythritol oxidation. Microbiology 156:1890–1899
Acknowledgments
We thank the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) for funding this work in the framework of the GenoMik-Transfer initiative (FKZ: 0315632C).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peters, B., Mientus, M., Kostner, D. et al. Characterization of membrane-bound dehydrogenases from Gluconobacter oxydans 621H via whole-cell activity assays using multideletion strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97, 6397–6412 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4824-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4824-y