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Microbial Associates of the Vine Mealybug Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Different Rearing Conditions

  • Invertebrate Microbiology
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Abstract

Sap-feeding insects harbor diverse microbial endosymbionts that play important roles in host ecology and evolution, including contributing to host pest status. The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus, is a serious pest of grapevines, vectoring a number of pathogenic grape viruses. Previous studies have shown that virus transmission is abolished when mealybugs are raised in the laboratory on potato. To examine the possible role of microbial symbionts in virus transmission, the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal microbiota of field and laboratory P. ficus were characterized using molecular and classical microbiological methods. Lab and field colonies of P. ficus harbored different microbiota. While both were dominated by the bacterial obligate nutritional symbionts Moranella and Tremblaya, field samples also harbored a third bacterium that was allied with cluster L, a lineage of bacterial symbionts previously identified in aphids. Archaea were not found in any of the samples. Fungal communities in field-collected mealybugs were dominated by Metschnikowia and Cladosporium species, while those from laboratory-reared mealybugs were dominated by Alternaria and Cladosporium species. In conclusion, this study has identified a diverse set of microbes, most of which appear to be facultatively associated with P. ficus, depending on environmental conditions. The role of various members of the mealybug microbiome, as well as how the host plant affects microbial community structure, remains to be determined.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by Research Grant No. CA-9110-09 from BARD, the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund to EZF, and by an National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Special Research Opportunity Canada-Israel Grant (SROCI-386044-2009) to SP. SP acknowledges support from the Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. LIK, SD, and EZF acknowledge support from the Chief Scientist, Israel Ministry of Agriculture. LIK acknowledges support from the Lady Davis Fellowship Trust, Technion. Thanks are extended to Eduard Belausov for technical support and Prof. Oded Beja for scientific support. The comments from two anonymous reviewers greatly improved this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, Israel

    Lilach Iasur-Kruh, Leena Taha-Salaime & Einat Zchori-Fein

  2. Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa, Israel

    Lilach Iasur-Kruh

  3. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada

    Wyatt E. Robinson & Steve J. Perlman

  4. MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute, Northern Research &DDevelopment, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel

    Rakefet Sharon

  5. Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Beit Dagan, Israel

    Samir Droby

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  1. Lilach Iasur-Kruh
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Correspondence to Einat Zchori-Fein.

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Steve J Perlman and Einat Zchori-Fein both are co-senior authors.

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Fig 1S

DGGE analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene showing the bacterial community composition of young and adult mealybugs from grapevine and potato. Bands that were successfully sequenced are labeled. (PPTX 143 kb)

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Iasur-Kruh, L., Taha-Salaime, L., Robinson, W.E. et al. Microbial Associates of the Vine Mealybug Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Different Rearing Conditions. Microb Ecol 69, 204–214 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0478-2

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