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Coastal Seawater Bacteria Harbor a Large Reservoir of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Jiaozhou Bay, China

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Abstract

Diversity and prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants were investigated in environmental bacteria isolated from surface seawater of Jiaozhou Bay, China. Five qnr gene alleles were identified in 34 isolates by PCR amplification, including qnrA3 gene in a Shewanella algae isolate, qnrB9 gene in a Citrobacter freundii isolate, qnrD gene in 22 Proteus vulgaris isolates, qnrS1 gene in 1 Enterobacter sp. and 4 Klebsiella spp. isolates, and qnrS2 gene in 1 Pseudomonas sp. and 4 Pseudoalteromonas sp. isolates. The qnrC, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and qepA genes could not be detected in this study. The 22 qnrD-positive Proteus vulgaris isolates could be differentiated into four genotypes based on ERIC-PCR assay. The qnrS1 and qnrD genes could be transferred to Escherichia coli J53 AziR or E. coli TOP10 recipient strains using conjugation or transformation methods. Among the 34 qnr-positive isolates, 30 had a single point mutation in the QRDRs of GyrA protein (Ala67Ser, Ser83Ile, or Ser83Thr), indicating that cooperation of chromosome- and plasmid-mediated resistance contributed to the spread and evolution of quinolone resistance in this coastal bay. Eighty-five percent of the isolates were also found to be resistant to ampicillin, and bla CMY , bla OXY , bla SHV , and bla TEM genes were detected in five isolates that also harbored the qnrB9 or qnrS1 gene. Our current study is the first identification of qnrS2 gene in Pseudoalteromonas and Pseudomonas strains, and qnrD gene in Proteus vulgaris strains. High prevalence of diverse qnr genes in Jiaozhou Bay indicates that coastal seawater may serve as an important reservoir, natural source, and dissemination vehicle of quinolone resistance determinants.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Professor George Jacoby and Minggui Wang for providing the E. coli J53 AziR strain. This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China grants 10CX04021A and 09CX05005A, the Doctor Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum (East China) grant, the China National Natural Science Foundation grants 91028011 and 41076091, and the Key Scientific and Technological Development Program of the National Qingdao Economic & Technical Development Zone grant 2009-2-34.

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Zhao, Jy., Dang, H. Coastal Seawater Bacteria Harbor a Large Reservoir of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Microb Ecol 64, 187–199 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0008-z

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