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Determination of Lead in Water Samples Using a New Vortex-Assisted, Surfactant-Enhanced Emulsification Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Combined with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

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Abstract

A low toxic solvent-based vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction (LT-VSLLME) combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was developed for the extraction and determination of lead (Pb) in water samples. In the LT-VSLLME method, the extraction solvent was dispersed into the aqueous samples by the assistance of vortex agitator. Meanwhile, the addition of a surfactant, which acted as an emulsifier, could enhance the speed of the mass-transfer from aqueous samples to the extraction solvent. The influences of analytical parameters, including extraction solvent type and its volume, surfactant type and its volume, pH, concentration of chelating agent, salt effect and extraction time were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a good relative standard deviation of 3.69 % at 10 ng L−1 was obtained. The calibration graph showed a linear pattern in the ranges of 5–30 ngL−1, with a limit of detection of 0.76 ng L−1. The linearity was obtained by five points in the concentration range of 5–30 ngL−1. The enrichment factor was 320. The procedure was applied to wastewater and river water, and the accuracy was assessed through the analysis of the recovery experiments.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Water Pollution Control and Management Technology Major Projects (No. 2012ZX07307-001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China

    Guilong Peng, Qiang He, Xiaohui Tang, Yufeng Mao & Xaioxuan Su

  2. Mathematics and Physics, Armed Police College, Chengdu, 610213, China

    Ying Lu

  3. National Centre for International Research of Low Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China

    Daniel Mmereki

  4. School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China

    Weiliang Pan

  5. Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China

    Guangming Zhou

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  1. Guilong Peng
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  2. Qiang He
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  3. Ying Lu
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  4. Daniel Mmereki
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  5. Weiliang Pan
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  6. Xiaohui Tang
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  7. Guangming Zhou
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  8. Yufeng Mao
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  9. Xaioxuan Su
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Correspondence to Qiang He.

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Peng, G., He, Q., Lu, Y. et al. Determination of Lead in Water Samples Using a New Vortex-Assisted, Surfactant-Enhanced Emulsification Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Combined with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 70, 607–614 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0243-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0243-7

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