Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bisphenol A in Ambient Air Particulates Responsible for theProliferation of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells and Its ConcentrationChanges over 6 Months

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To survey the estrogenic activity of the organic extracts from particulate matter of urban ambient outdoor air, samples were collected on glass fiber filters using a high-volume air sampler on the rooftop of our institute for 6 months (six filters/month). After extracting the organic materials and separating them into three fractions, i.e., acidic, neutral, and basic, we applied a cell-growth assay using MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to the original extract and the extracts of the fractions. Only the extract in the acidic fraction showed cell proliferation activity in a dose-response manner. To survey the chemical(s) responsible for the activity, a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was conducted after silylating the extract. The presence of bisphenol A (BPA) was confirmed, because the retention times and the MS fragment patterns between the silylated derivative of a component in the sample and that of BPA itself were the same. By using a GC/MS-SIM (selective ion monitoring) technique, the average value was found to be 0.51 ng/m3 of air (range: 0.02 ∼ 1.92 ng/m3 of air). The trend of the residual levels in air particulates showed seasonal variation, increasing from autumn to winter and decreasing from winter to spring. The only exception was that the value in January was lower than those in December and February. Considering the content of BPA in the extract of the acidic fraction and the strength of the activities with the extract and BPA itself, the estrogenic activity due to BPA in the fraction seemed to decrease. In spite of this decline, the possibility remains that the estrogenic activity mainly originated from BPA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • HF Arcaro PW O’Keefe Y Yang W Clayton JF Gierthy (1999) ArticleTitleAntiestrogenicity of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human breast cancer cells Toxicology 133 115–127 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjtFWrurk%3D Occurrence Handle10378478

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • A Belfroid M Velzen Particlevan B Horst Particlevan der D Vethaak (2002) ArticleTitleOccurrence of bisphenol A in surface water and uptake in fish: evaluation of field measurements Chemosphere 49 97–103 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmtlensrs%3D Occurrence Handle12243336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RT Burnett J Brook T Dann C Delocla O Philips S Cakmak R Vincent MS Goldberg D Krewski (2000) ArticleTitleAssociation between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities Inhal Toxicol 12 IssueIDsuppl 4 15–39 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvVOqsLc%3D Occurrence Handle12881885

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • M Cerna D Pochmanova A Pastorkova I Benes J Lenicek J Topinka B Binkova (2000) ArticleTitleGenotoxicity of urban air pollutants in the Czech Republic. Part I. Bacterial mutagenic potencies of organic compounds adsorbed on PM10 particulates Mutat Res 469 71–82 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXls1Ghs7g%3D Occurrence Handle10946244

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • K Chaloupka V Krishnan S Safe (1992) ArticleTitlePolynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens as antiestrogens in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: role of the Ah receptor Carcinogenesis 13 2233–2239 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXnsFWgtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1335374

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GD Charles MJ Bartels TR Zacharewski BB Gollapudi NL Freshour EW Carney (2000) ArticleTitleActivity of benzo[a]pyrene and its hydroxylated metabolites in an estrogen receptor-alpha reporter gene assay Toxicol Sci 55 320–326 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjsl2qsL4%3D Occurrence Handle10828263

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L Dobias J Kusova O Gajdos P Vidova D Gajdosova J Havrankova M Fried B Binkova J Topinka (1999) ArticleTitleBioassay-directed chemical analysis and detection of mutagenicity in ambient air of the coke oven Mutat Res 445 285–293 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXns1Ghsrs%3D Occurrence Handle10575437

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • E Fernvik T Scharnweber D Knopp R Niessner BB Vargaftig G Peltre (2002) ArticleTitleEffects of fractions of traffic particulate matter on TH2-cytokines, IgE levels, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in mice J Toxicol Environ Health A 65 1025–1045 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlvFemt7c%3D Occurrence Handle12167217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KC Fertuck S Kumar HC Sikka JB Matthews TR Zacharewski (2001) ArticleTitleInteraction of PAH-related compounds with the alpha and beta isoforms of the estrogen receptor Toxicol Lett 121 167–177 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjsFaku70%3D Occurrence Handle11369471

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P Flessel YY Wang KI Chang JJ Wesolowski GN Guirguis IS Kim D Levaggi W Siu (1991) ArticleTitleSeasonal variations and trends in concentrations of filter-collected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mutagenic activity in the San Francisco Bay area J Air Waste Manage Assoc 41 276–281 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXksFGqtb0%3D Occurrence Handle2059419

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Fromm T Kuchler T Otto K Pilz J Muller A Wenzel (2002) ArticleTitleOccurrence of phthalates and bisphenol A and F in the environment Water Res 36 1429–1438 Occurrence Handle11996333

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Hamers PJ Brink Particlevan den L Mos SC Linden Particlevan der J Legler JH Koeman AJ Murk (2003) ArticleTitleEstrogenic and esterase-inhibiting potency in rainwater in relation to pesticide concentrations, sampling season and location Environ Pollut 123 47–65 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitlGjuro%3D Occurrence Handle12663205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • TS Hiura N Li R Kaplan M Horwitz JC Seagrave AE Nel (2000) ArticleTitleThe role of a mitochondrial pathway in the induction of apoptosis by chemicals extracted from diesel exhaust particles J Immunol 165 2703–2711 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtFOrurw%3D Occurrence Handle10946301

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WL Hsiao ZY Mo M Fang XM Shi F Wang (2000) ArticleTitleCytotoxicity of PM(2.5) and PM(2.5−10) ambient air pollutants assessed by the MTT and the Comet assays Mutat Res 471 45–55 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7jtlShsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11080660

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Jobling T Reynolds R White MG Parker JP Sumpter (1995) ArticleTitleA variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic Environ Health Perspect 103 582–587 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmslCntbo%3D Occurrence Handle7556011

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KS Kang SD Cho YS Lee (2002) ArticleTitleAdditive estrogenic activities of the binary mixtures of four estrogenic chemicals in recombinant yeast expressing human estrogen receptor J Vet Sci 3 1–5 Occurrence Handle14614265

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AV Krishnan P Stathis SF Permuth L Tokes D Feldman (1993) ArticleTitleBisphenol A: an estrogenic substances is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving Endocrinology 132 2279–2286

    Google Scholar 

  • H Matsumoto (2002) ArticleTitleDetermination of bisphenol A and alkylphenopls in ambient air particulates Bull Osaka Pref Inst Publ Health 40 93–98 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsFWiuw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Matsumoto T Kashimoto (1986) ArticleTitleEmbryotoxicity of organic extracts from airborne particulates in ambient air in the chicken embryo Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 15 447–452 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL28XksFGrtL0%3D Occurrence Handle3740950

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • H Matsumoto Y Suzuki (2002) ArticleTitleBisphenol A in air particulate matter responsible for proliferation of MCF-7 cells Environ Sci 9 4

    Google Scholar 

  • Y Mori S Taneda H Hayashi A Sakushima K Kamata AK Suzuki S Yoshino M Sakata M Sagai K Seki (2002) ArticleTitleEstrogenic activities of chemicals in diesel exhaust particles Biol Pharm Bull 25 145–146 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhvVentw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11824548

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • W Muthumbi P Boever ParticleDe JG Pieters S Siciliano W D’Hooge W Verstraete (2003) ArticleTitlePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and estrogenic compounds in experimental flue gas streams J Environ Qual 32 417–422 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkslChtbw%3D Occurrence Handle12708663

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CJ Obot MT Morandi TP Beebe RF Hamilton A Holian (2002) ArticleTitleSurface components of airborne particulate matter induce macrophage apoptosis through scavenger receptors Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 184 98–106 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotFSgt7s%3D Occurrence Handle12408954

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • KI Ohyama F Nagai Y Tsuchiya (2001) ArticleTitleCertain styrene oligomers have proliferative activity on MCF-7 human breast tumor cells and binding affinity for human estrogen receptor Environ Health Perspect 109 699–703 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtFOjsbo%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Okamura R Kizu A Toriba T Murahashi A Mizokami KL Burnstein CM Klinge K Hayakawa (2004) ArticleTitleAntiandrogenic activity of extracts of diesel exhaust particles emitted from diesel-engine truck under different engine loads and speeds Toxicology 195 243–254 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvF2itA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle14751679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • L Ostby S Engen A Melbye I Eide (1997) ArticleTitleMutagenicity testing of organic extracts of diesel exhaust particles after fractionation and recombination Arch Toxicol 71 314–319 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXislSnsr4%3D Occurrence Handle9137810

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Payne M Scholze A Kortenkamp (2001) ArticleTitleMixtures of four organochlorines enhance human breast cancer cell proliferation Environ Health Perspect 109 391–397 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVais7Y%3D Occurrence Handle11335188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SK Pohjola M Lappi M Honkanen K Savela (2003) ArticleTitleComparison of mutagenicity and calf thymus DNA adducts formed by the particulate and semivolatile fractions of vehicle exhausts Environ Mol Mutagen 42 26–36 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtlymurw%3D Occurrence Handle12874810

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R Pulgar MF Olea-Serrano A Novillo-Fertrell A Rivas P Pazos V Pedraza JM Navajas N Olea (2000) ArticleTitleDetermination of bisphenol A and related aromatic compounds released from bis-GMA-based composites and sealants by high performance liquid chromatography Environ Health Perspect 108 21–27 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXns1ynsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10620520

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RA Rudel JG Brody JD Spengler J Vallarino PW Geno G Sun A Yau (2001) ArticleTitleIdentification of selected hormonally active agents and animal mammary carcinogens in commercial and residential air and dust samples J Air Waste Manag Assoc 51 499–513 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtFWgsr0%3D Occurrence Handle11321907

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Santodonato (1997) ArticleTitleReview of the estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: relationship to carcinogenicity Chemosphere 34 835–848 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsl2gtb0%3D Occurrence Handle9569946

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • J Seagrave JL Mauderly SKI Seilkop (2003) ArticleTitleIn vitro relative toxicity screening of combined particulate and semivolatile organic fractions of gasoline and diesel engine emissions J Toxicol Environ Health A 66 1113–1132 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltlCltrs%3D Occurrence Handle12854533

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PD Siegel RK Saxena QB Saxena JK Ma JY Ma XJ Yin V Castranova N Al-Humadi DM Lewis (2004) ArticleTitleEffect of diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) on immune responses: contributions of particulate versus organic soluble components Toxicology 187 161–170

    Google Scholar 

  • C Sonnenschein AM Soto (1998) ArticleTitleAn updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 65 143–150 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXkvVKru7s%3D Occurrence Handle9699867

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • AM Soto C Sonnenschein KL Chung MF Fernandez N Olea FO Serrano (1995) ArticleTitleThe E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: an update on estrogenic environmental pollutants Environ Health Perspect 103 IssueIDsuppl 7 113–122 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XlvFeitQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CA Staples PB Dom GM Klecka ST O’Block LR Harris (1998) ArticleTitleA review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A Chemosphere 36 2149–2173 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXitFaksLg%3D Occurrence Handle9566294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Taneda H Hayashi M Sakata S Yoshino A Suzuki M Sagai Y Mori (2000) ArticleTitleAnti-estrogenic activity of diesel exhaust particles Biol Pharm Bull 23 1477–1480 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXos1ehsrs%3D Occurrence Handle11145181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Taneda H Hayashi A Sakushima K Seki AK Suzuki K Kamata M Sakata S Yoshino M Sagai Y Mori (2002) ArticleTitleEstrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities of two types of diesel exhaust particles Toxicology 170 153–161 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXpt1antro%3D Occurrence Handle11750092

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • S Taneda Y Mori K Kamata H Hayashi C Furuta C Li K Seki A Sakushima S Yoshino K Yamaki G Watanabe K Taya AK Suzuki (2004) ArticleTitleEstrogenic and anti-androgenic activity of nitrophenols in diesel exhaust particles (DEP) Biol Pharm Bull 27 835–837 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltFKqt7s%3D Occurrence Handle15187429

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • T Takamura-Enya J Ishihara S Tahara S Goto Y Totsuka T Sugimura K Wakabayashi (2003) ArticleTitleAnalysis of estrogenic activity of foodstuffs and cigarette smoke condensates using a yeast estrogen screening method Food Chem Toxicol 41 543–550 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhs1WmsLs%3D Occurrence Handle12615126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DQ Tran CF Ide JA McLachlan SF Arnold (1996) ArticleTitleThe anti-estrogenic activity of selected polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in yeast expressing human estrogen receptor Biochem Biophys Res Commun 229 101–108 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiC3M3ktFQ%3D Occurrence Handle8954090

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DL Villeneuve JS Khim K Kannan JP Giesy (2002) ArticleTitleRelative potencies of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to induce dioxinlike and estrogenic responses in three cell lines Environ Toxicol 17 128–137 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xjs1Whsbg%3D Occurrence Handle11979591

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R White S Jobling SA Hoare JP Sumpter MG Parker (1994) ArticleTitleEnvironmentally persistent alkylphenolic compounds are estrogenic Endocrinology 135 175–182 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXkslGlsL8%3D Occurrence Handle8013351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NK Wilson JC Chuang C Lyu (2001) ArticleTitleLevels of persistent pollutants in several child day care centers J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiol 11 449–458 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltlGksQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WZ Wu J Chen K Rehmann KW Schramm A Kettrup (2002) ArticleTitleEstrogenic effects from household stoves Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 53 65–69 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XotVGisr4%3D Occurrence Handle12481859

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. A. M. Soto, Tufts University, for her kind gift of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and Dr. K. Sakabe, Kitazato University, and Dr. W. Fujii, Suntory Research Center, for their valuable advice concerning the modified E-screen assay. This work was supported in part by a Health Sciences Research Grant from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan.!

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Food Chemistry, Department of Food and Drugs, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-9, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan

    H. Matsumoto

  2. Division of Water Quality, Department of Environmental Health, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-9, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan

    S. Adachi

  3. Division of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86, Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan

    Y. Suzuki

Authors
  1. H. Matsumoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Adachi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Y. Suzuki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. Matsumoto.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Matsumoto, H., Adachi, S. & Suzuki, Y. Bisphenol A in Ambient Air Particulates Responsible for theProliferation of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells and Its ConcentrationChanges over 6 Months. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48, 459–466 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-0243-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-0243-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation